Research Paper Topics in India For Budget Students and Scholars

Research Paper Topics in India For Budget Students and ScholarsEconomics research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars require careful planning. This is to ensure the students in India are offered a quality education while at the same time being well taken care of. In order to ensure a student gets what they pay for, it is necessary to put together a feasible research plan. This can be done through the use of past paper topics and a number of other resources.The number one rule when researching economic research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars is to determine where the students are headed. This will require an understanding of the syllabus for the course, the educational goals of the student, and their spending habits. It will also help to look at the curriculum specifics for each university and college in India to determine if this particular course is offered. There are a number of factors that should be considered to arrive at the best choi ces for a budget study abroad program.The type of English language ability and writing skills of the student should be taken into consideration in order to determine the best course of economics research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars. Students should be able to use basic writing skills and read fluently. An intensive English course should be part of the syllabus for the course or one that is able to be taken at a later time when the student is ready to pursue higher studies.An adequate understanding of the local language proficiency should also be taken into consideration. This will ensure a student has an easier time communicating with the professors, fellow students, and those on the faculty in the country they are studying in. A thorough understanding of the local language proficiency will allow the student to do research and other tasks easier as the English language will become second nature.Where the student will be located will also need to be determi ned by the semester blockor block of time they will be attending school in the regional region. Travel arrangements and hotel accommodations should be considered during this decision making process. Also, learning about any financial support for student travel such as book and lodging grants and scholarships should be considered as part of the research process.Being committed to the course and the country in which they are studying will also be an important factor in Economics research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars. Each semester block should be planned out as far ahead as possible in order to avoid disappointment in terms of schedules. Finding time for a pre-course meal or work assignment should also be considered.Prior to arriving in the country, a student should have an idea of what to expect from the curriculum in their region. It should be apparent to them what the expected standard of living in the country is as well as whether the environment is the t ype of place that is conducive to the study of economics. Their expectations of the country will help them figure out if there is a need to take on some sort of professional liability insurance for the duration of their stay in the country.Last but not least, the purpose of their visit to India should be clear. It should be part of a student's education to understand the culture, history, and future policies of the country they are studying in. As the student progresses to higher academic levels, they should be able to focus more on the quality of life in the country and how it relates to their career goals.

Concept of Product Life Cycle Essay Example

Concept of Product Life Cycle Paper The concept of the product life cycle (PLC) is one of major tools used in developing marketing strategy. This theory is more and more popular in recent years, because many marketers desire for a tool to help them understand the products development which means all products have their own life time as they eventually decline and disappear. Based on that understanding of the product, the marketers can adapt their marketing strategy and find a new product to replace the dying one. According to Brassington and Pettitt (2003), the PLC concept explains the life of a product in terms of birth, growth, maturity, decline and eventual death which is based on the assumption that the product has a life like a human. During its life, the product goes through different stages, and in each stage it has different performance in the market which includes different market growth rates and different competitive conditions. This implies the marketer must set up different marketing strategy for each stag e to suit for the development of product. The aim of this essay is to discuss the concept of product life cycle which can give the marketer some basic information about this popular concept. Firstly, the general background of the product life cycle is given which includes the concept and the stages of PLC. Secondly, the strengths and weaknesses of the product life cycle are discussed. At the same time, some recommendations to mitigate the negative influences of the product life cycle are presented. Finally, a general conclusion is draw. Concept of Product Life Cycle The concept of PLC is a useful marketing tool to describe the change of the sale for the product during its lifetime. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2000), product life cycle (PLC) is the course of a products sales and profits over its lifetime. The product life cycle is a useful concept to describe how products develop from first introduction into the market to eventual obsolescence. The theory is that products, like living things, have a natural life cycle beginning with introduction, going through a growth phase, reaching maturity, then going into decline, and finally becoming obsolete (Blythe, J. 2001). The classic PLC involves four distinct stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline (Jobber, D. 1998). But Blythe (2001) thought there are five major stages of PLC, which are product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. In this essay, the product development is introduced firstly which is seen as the first and necessary stage in product development process. The reason is explained in the following section. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Product Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Product Life Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Product Life Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the product development stage, it begins when the company recognises the customer need for a special product. Then the company design and develop the new-product idea based on that demand. During the stage of product development, sales are zero and the companys investment costs mount (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). Although it seems useless to analyse the sale and cost in this stage, it is still a very important part of a product life cycle. Its length will affect the whole cycle in some way. Then, the product enter into introduction stage which the company push the product into markets. In this stage, only the marketers understand the characteristics of this stage, they can make the right decision about the product strategy which is suitable for the new product. Because the recognition of customer for the new product needs a period, this introduction stage is a period of slow sales growth as the product is just introduced in the market. Profits are negative because of the low sales and the huge expense in advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion are the key activities for business to attract the customer to try the new product. That huge investment is reasonable and necessary. And also the company needs to consider the investment to attract the distributors and build the inventory. At the same time, it is few competitors at this stage. If the new product satisfies the market, it will enter a growth stage, which is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). At the beginning of this stage, the sale and profit grow quickly. More and more customers accept the product and buy it, the investment of promotion and advertising is lower than the introduction stage. And market share is increased accordingly and quickly. At the same time, more and more companies recognise the product has big profit. Therefore, more and more competitors enter into this market. After the development of the market, profits may become to decline in the end period of growth stage as more competitors enter the market, driving prices down and creating the need for heavy promotional expenses (Jobber, D. 1998). In this stage, company has to choose between the high market share and high profit when they make the strategy decision. Fourthly, when the sale growth is slowdown, the product enters to the maturity stage of its PLC because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Dibb and Simkin (1997) thought that this stage is characterized by severe competition, with many brands in the market. Competitors use many different strategies to gain the market share such as product improvements, advertising, sales promotion, dealer discount and price cutting. Finally, decline stage is the period when sales show fall off and profits erode (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). According to Jobber (1998), sales and profits fall during this stage as new technology or changes in consumer tastes work to reduce demand for the product. In this stage, the market lost interest in this product and the companies are unable to up-grade and support it. Therefore, marketers may cut promotion efforts, eliminate distributors, and finally plan to walk out from this market. However, not all products follow the classic product life cycle which explained above. There are variations of the product life cycle. Some of the products may have more than five stages and more fluctuant curves. For example, the high-tech products which are more than one S-Shape curve. This type of product can be up-grated and development many times which lead the sales and profit up and down. When the customer accepts the product, the profits fall. When the product has been developed and improved, the profits rise. With the continuous process of products development and customers acceptance, the profits keep rising and falling such as computers, mobile phones. Although different products have different product life cycle and different products move through their life cycle at different speed, the theory of PLC still seem as a very useful method to help marketers identify the sales trends and plan appropriate marketing strategy and activities. Strengths and Weakness of PLC The product life cycle is a common and popular marketing concept that it appears at every standard marketing text. The strengths of the PLC are very obvious. Firstly, based on the theory of Jobber (1998) the PLC is benefit for the product planning. It can help marketers to develop product marketing strategy and it is also used as a forecasting model. PLC can forecast the future development of market and product which is big competitive advantage when the companies plan their marketing strategy for the product in every stage. However when the companies use the PLC concept to forecast product sale or to develop marketing strategies, they find many problems in practices (Korler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. 1996). It is not easy to identify which stage of the PLC the product is in, especially the definitions of each stage is not very standard which could lead the confusion between stages. This is the precondition that the PLC concept can perform correctly. When the product enter to the next stage of PLC, if the company can not notices, the marketing strategy and plan will not appropriate for the new stage of the produce. Only when they recognise the change in PLC, they can make the right strategy based on the analysis for the crucial factors in the new stage. And in practice, it is difficult to forecast the sales level at each PLC stage, the length of each stage and the shape of the PLC curve (Jobber, D. 1998). The basic reason is this PLC concept can not help the marketer to understand the product and market in detail. It is theoretic and unclear. Secondly, the strength of PLC as a coordinating tool is to help marketers to coordinate 4Ps which include product, price, promotions and place. Thirdly, the PLC also can remand the marketers to pay more attention to the development of the product and its market. It warns the marketers that the product would not grow continually forever (Jobber, D. 1998). Normally, there is a danger that management may have high emotion in a particular product. The PLC can help the company understand that the product has its own lift cycle which means the company have to face the face that products need to be terminated and new products need to be developed to replace them. It also tells them that at the introduction stage, the phenomenon that the sale is low and expense is high are reasonable which is unnecessary to panic or give up. It is good for companies to recognise the realistic market, not through the book records only. Nevertheless, there are some weaknesses about the PLC. Although in the above, some of the problems are discussed. The following section explains very detailed concepts. Firstly, according to Jobber (1998), the duration of the PLC stages is unpredictable which is very difficult for marketer to identify the stages of product. The PLC outlines the four or five stages during a product life without defining their duration. Blythe (2001) states that the PLC is useful to describe what is happening, but is not much use for predicting what is going to happen, since it is virtually impossible to tell how long the maturity phase will continue. This weakness makes it difficult to use this concept as a decision-making tool because marketers can not easily know which part of the product life cycle the product currently in. The solution of this problem is to find a comparable product which seems as a template for predicting the length of each stage. There are two sources of comparable products. One is same product has already been on the market which is in other countries. The other one is that the similar products are in the mature or decline stages of their life cycle but they are thought to resemble the new product in terms of consumer acceptance . Of course, when the marketer use the comparable product to analyse their own product, it still many problems in reality, such as the different the economic and social conditions of countries which may effect the result of the analysis and make it invalid to transfer the duration of the stages from one country to another. Secondly, Jobber (1998) notes that the critics argue that the stylized marketing objectives and strategy prescriptions can be misleading. It is very difficult to predict how long the product will move from one stage to another stage in its life cycle. Because the products, companies and market are different, the length of the PLC is diverse. The problem is that the length of the PLC is affected by many factors which include the pace of change in the external environment and the companys marketing strategy of the product throughout its life (Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. 2003). The companys objective and capability to make the correct marketing strategy in each stage of PLC for the product and to communicate effectively and efficiently with the consumers, and its method to develop and refresh its product will all affect how the PLC in some way. Thirdly, the weakness of PLC is that there is no common shape (Doyle, P. 1994). Through the analysis the data from different products, it is very clear that the PLC has not standard curve at all. In the real unstable markets, not all products follow the classic S-shaped PLC (Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. 1993). Sometimes, although two brand products seem as same, they are in different types of PLC. Many factors determine the types of PLC for the product, which include the external environment changes and the strategy change of the company or the competitors. It is easy for marketers to analyse which curve their product belong to which lead confusion when companies use this theory to analyse their product. Fourthly, according to Doyle (1994), PLC has not clear implication which is a weakness every marketer knows. Although PLC concept defines the stages of the product life cycle for the common products and list all of the characteristics for each stage. But for some cases, the tradition has been proved as inaccurate. Some of the products have different characteristics compare with the tradition concept which will mislead the marketers conclusion about the products development. Finally, there is another weakness of the PLC has been revealed that PLC is a product-orientated concept. More and more marketers recognise the marketing is about how to satisfy the customers need. The company should pay more attention to analyse the change of the customers need, rather than focus on its products development. In other words, focusing on the product like the concept of PLC the company might not understand other key concepts of marketing such as the 7P. Product is just one of the important things of marketing, but not the core one. For the modern age, customer is the core thing that the company should focus on. Therefore, for the marketers, they need focus on the factors cause the change of the product stage not the PLC. Because of so many uncertain factors in the concept of PLC, some experts debate that PLC is a useless tool in reality. As Cowell (1984) state that it is not surprising that the life cycle concept has critics. Some attempts to derive the conventional S-shaped curve of the cycle with its stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline have not been altogether convincing. In fact, some theoreticians have even suggested that the concept of PLC should be forgotten altogether (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Carman and Langeard (1979) argue that using the life cycle concept to build a product portfolio in services contexts is not very helpful. All those debates suggest that the concept of PLC is still immature and it still need to improve. Conclusion In conclusion, the product life cycle is a marketing tool, which is an aid for managerial decision-making. It can help marketers to do planning and think strategically. However, it also has many weaknesses which affect the practicability of the concept. Therefore, marketing managers must monitor the real changes that are happening in the marketplace before setting up the appropriate objectives and strategies for marketing. Using the PLC concept to develop marketing strategy can also be difficult because strategy is both a cause and a result of the products life cycle (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). The products current PLC position suggests the best marketing strategies and the resulting marketing strategies affect product performance in later life-cycle stages. Of course, when it is used carefully by the marketers who understand it clearly, the PLC concept still a very useful theory in developing good marketing strategies for different stages in the product life cycle anyway.

Research Paper Topics: Current Science

Research Paper Topics: Current ScienceWhat can you write about in your research paper topic? Not surprisingly, research papers are full of ideas that they come across as completely foreign to students. However, knowing some current science on a particular subject will help you write a more sensible research paper topic.The first thing you should know is that current science is largely a negative aspect of the world we live in today. As a result, you should be wary of this aspect of science when writing your research paper. It is best to keep your focus on the interesting aspect of the research rather than the negative side of it.Once you have done this, it is up to you to get the ball rolling with your research by looking at online resources such as Wikipedia and the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) encyclopedias. For example, if you are looking at the topic of brainwave entrainment, the NRS is an excellent source. It is freely available online and the right subsection of it will give you plenty of information. From there, you can proceed to your own research using these sources.There are many different aspects to research, so do not be afraid to go deep on some of them. This means that you may need to read many different sources and learn from all of them. Some current studies will also be interesting to learn from, even if they may be extremely disheartening. Regardless, once you have worked through all of these aspects of research, you will be able to do a much better job of coming up with a solution to a problem that students in your class face.When it comes to researching current science on subjects that are unfamiliar to your class, remember that you must write about current studies in the field that do not directly pertain to your subject. This is important because it can be very difficult to understand what the writer is trying to accomplish when they do not understand what is going on. Some researchers spend their entire careers, learning how to co mmunicate how something works when students are just trying to comprehend their actual research results.It is also best to keep your research paper topics short. Many times, it can be hard to talk about the whole of the research topic when you only have thirty minutes or less to work with. It is best to take your time and actually read all of the material before you can even begin to think about doing an actual writing assignment. Also, if you start too early in the project, you may run into trouble because students will be intimidated by your pace and you may end up rushing through things.In addition to just coming up with something new in your research paper topics, it is also helpful to learn about current studies on the same subjects. You can find current research out there that offers solutions to problems that you encounter in your research. This is especially helpful if you cannot come up with ideas of your own.Lastly, make sure that you read all of the research that is relat ed to current science when you are researching. Look for published articles, web articles, and basic research papers that are writing about current science to see what is being done and why. This will help you learn about the areas of current science that you need to know in order to write a more informed research paper.

Essay Writing Step By Step

Essay Writing Step By StepThe first thing that you need to do if you want to write an essay is to remember to do the writing step by step. This is the main function of this technique and it requires all your efforts that you have to give a great effort. Do not try to be fancy with the essay writing process. If you know how to do it perfectly then there is no need for you to be fancy with it.Learn to write in two different ways. First you can learn it as a professional writer or a college student. Second you can learn it as a student. There are lots of ways to learn it. You can take classes or you can seek help from a tutor or you can read the various books on writing.But I will suggest you to look for someone who can give you some help. If you choose a guide for help, he will help you in writing your essay in such a way that it can make your first attempt a success. If you feel that you are not experienced enough to write an essay, then you can get the help of a professional for doin g the writing step by step. In this way you will also have to face the consequences of your poor writing skill and mistakes.There are lots of sources where you can find a good guide for help. They can be academic or they can be educational. If you are a student, you can choose from the list of experts and advisors who can help you in learning more about the topics about the subject that you are studying. You can always come to know from them how much you are lacking in the areas that you are going to study.If you are an expert in writing an essay, you can seek the assistance of a professional guide for helping you write essays successfully. You can get the assistance of the essay writing coach or the essay writer coach. These coaches can guide you in coming up with correct sentences, grammatical mistakes, and also a critical analysis of the essay. This will help you in winning the writing competition.If you are working hard, but you are not able to finish your assigned projects, you can seek the help of the book writing program. This is a book that contains excellent strategies that will help you in completing the tasks that you are working. There are many books available in the market that will help you in writing an essay.If you are unable to finish your essay, then you should get the help of a good and creative essay writing guide. It can give you tips and guidelines that will make you capable of writing an amazing essay. You will be able to finish the assignment that you are given at least 60% and sometimes even more. This can help you in solving the assignment that is given to you.