Heidegger And Sartre s The Existential Thinking - 1722 Words

We will be concern with the idea of authenticity in the world and how it tend to confounds our day-to-day existence, which allows for a lack of discipline and consistency in our social world. I will argue that even if it may conflict with the moral values of all persons, the notion of authenticity in existentialism is, nevertheless, sound in its approach to understanding the world and being. I will show that authenticity, especially from the perspective of Heidegger and Sartre, attempts to come to terms with the conscious self being in the material world and confronting the external pressures, influences and forces that differ from oneself, thus being a influential concept in the existential thinking. Lastly, I will defend this†¦show more content†¦On the one hand, this notion of authenticity suggest that being authentic is about removing oneself from the social world in order to focus on the internal individual. On the other hand, Heidegger finds that authenticity is a matt er not being in touch with oneself, but rather becoming more intensely connected to the world of one’s own surroundings. What the example above is trying to prove is that humans aren’t truly absorbed with themselves and the possibilities of their life; ultimately they live in a continuous vortex of an inauthentic life. However, humans need to take over the concrete roles and possibilities floating around them in the social world to become human in the sense of being agents capable of making meaningful choices and understanding what is at stake in life. Heidegger acknowledges that humans tend to go with the flow, engage in the mundane chores and routines approved by society, yet because of this, he admits that life becomes a series of never ending sequences. The existence of humans becomes just one mere sequence of means-end strategies with no overarching unity or cohesiveness, thus blind from the bigger picture. Evidently, his argument on authenticity is abo ut humanity need to get in touch with the possibilities of the world; nonetheless, he thinks that to becomeShow MoreRelatedExistentialism vs Essentialism23287 Words   |  94 Pagesfact of the individual’s presence and participation in a changing and potentially dangerous world. Each self- aware individual understands his own existence in terms of his experience of himself and his situation. The self of which he is aware is a thinking being which has beliefs, hopes, fears, desires, the need to find a purpose, and a will that can determine his actions. Understanding  existentialism  is often difficult, often because its ideas conflict with other major trends in the thought ofRead MoreHuman Mortality According to Heidegger Essay3641 Words   |  15 PagesHuman Mortality According to Heidegger Martin Heidegger (1889 -- 1976) was, and still is considered to be, along with the likes of Soren Kierkegaard, Edmund Husserl and Jean-Paul Sartre, one of the principal exponents of 20th century Existentialism. An extraordinarily original thinker, a critic of technological society and the leading Ontologist of his time, Heideggers philosophy became a primary influence upon the thoughts of the younger generations of continental European cultural personalitiesRead MoreExistentialism1408 Words   |  6 Pagesand its facets There are many philosophies that people use in their lives. Some of the ways of thinking are linked to some prominent people. There is idealism, naturalism, experimentalism, and existentialism among others. This essay explores existentialism, which has been postulated by Sartre among others. The other proponents of existentialism include Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, martin Buber, Martin Heidegger and Martin Buber. The weakness and strengths of existentialism are going to be discussed in thisRead More Art, Surrealism, and the Grotesque Essay4657 Words   |  19 Pagesorder to understand how the mechanism of the grotesque can demonstrate an important connection between art and social change. In this discussion, I hope to put a different spin on surrealism and the grotesque by drawing on the works of Sartre, and if were not too dizzy from spinning when all is said and done, I shall have put together a way to investigate the grotesque in Modernist art and contemporary life. After a summary of the surrealists use of Freud and a look at Sartres Read MoreThe Illusion of Racial Identity Essays3986 Words   |  16 Pagesin reply. Reviewing the history is not part of my purpose here. Meanings of Being Heidegger suggests that the meaning of being is both historical and constitutive of the world that we live in, and that our talk describes. The distinction Heidegger proposed in Being and Time (4) between several senses of being became the starting point of existential phenomenology, and the subsequent work of Sartre and deBeauvoir, on which I will draw in a moment, derives important ideas from it. SpecificallyRead MoreExistential Theory Of The Case Of Margarita1521 Words   |  7 PagesIn the case of Margarita, who has been married to her husband for five years which there is a 10-year difference and has two kids, she has had sudden outburst of anger and she gets so mad to the point she is thinking about physically assaulting her husband. She cannot remember what he does to provoke her. Her husband tries to calm her down, she is afraid that he may leave her due to these outbursts. She does not like to be around people, she feels depress every day, only people that see her depressRead MoreExistentialism, Idealism, Naturalism, Experimentalism, And Existentialism1230 Words   |  5 Pagesdoctrinal preferences, shared the belief of philosophical thinking begins with the human which not merely thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living individual. While the predominant value of existentialist thought is commonly acknowledged to be freedom, its primary virtue is authenticit y† (Wikipedia.org). â€Å"In the view of the existentialist, the individual s starting point is characterized by what has been called the existential attitude, or a sense of disorientation, confusion, or dreadRead MoreExistentialism And Its Impact On Society1816 Words   |  8 Pagesmankind s being, that the thing that characterizes who he or she will be and done additional general terms. Additionally what it methods with make human, is not pre-supposed, will be not now understandable what s more characterized when it hails under presence. Instead, existentialism asserts that toward advancing under existence, incidentally particular case displays him- alternately herself Also decides with enactment (existence), he gets to be who he will be (essence). Or, Likewise Sartre putsRead MoreExistentialism : What s It All About And Who Cares?3875 Words   |  16 Pages(1788 – 1860), Nietzsche (1844 – 1900), Jaspers (1883 – 1969), Heidegger (1889 – 1976), Merleau-Ponty (1908 – 1961), Sartre (1905 – 1980), de Beauvoir (1908 – 1986), Camus (1913 – 1960), Beckett (1906 –1989). A religious perspective was adopted by Kierkegaard (1813 – 1855) and Dostoyevsky (1821 – 1881); and Tillich (1886 – 1965), Barth (1886 – 1968) and Marcel (1889 – 1973) are explicitly â€Å"theological† Existentialists. Many Existential themes are explored in the films of director Bernardo BertolucciRead MoreFate and Destiny7886 Words   |  32 Pagesseek God’s help in overcoming his nature. Existential Thinkers The importance of the concepts of fate and destiny resurfaced with the existential thinkers in both philosophy and psychology. The existential thinking, in genera l, suggests that the individual has both the freedom and the responsibility to work towards one’s own authentic potential, despite the fact that there is much in one’s life that one did not choose and cannot be changed. For the existential thinkers, the goal is to acknowledge the

A Brief Note On The Deaf Culture And Hearing People

When a child or an adult who is deaf, there are many options one can take to fix their hearing if they want to. They have the options of hearing aid, cochlear implants, an auditory brainstem implant, an auditory midbrain implant, or use ASL. The cochlear implant is a very controversial topic between the Deaf culture and hearing people. Deciding whether or not to receive the implant and be involved in the Deaf culture is a very hard decision for someone to make because of the benefits but also the complications that could happen after the surgery. My original opinion about the implant was neutral because if I got asked what I would do if my child was born deaf, I would not know what to do because I did not have enough information about the cochlear implant. However now, I feel that I have learned more about the implant and think that an implant and still be exposed to Deaf culture is the best way to go. So my original opinions I felt wishy washy about the topic. I understood both side s of the argument, but I did not know what I would do. Getting the implant provides many opportunities for the person, but then their deaf identity is not really in their life anymore because the person needs to focus on speaking to learn English. So I did not know what I would do if I was put in that situation. Throughout this class, I have gained more knowledge about the two sides and it has helped me get a better understanding of what I would do if I had a child born profoundly deaf or IShow MoreRelatedA Teacher Of The Deaf1995 Words   |  8 PagesNinety percent of students who are deaf are born to two hearing parents. Therefore almost all of the knowledge these students acquire about their language, culture, and history comes from their teachers. As a teacher of the Deaf it is important to know and teach the history and culture of the Deaf. You must also know the difference in curriculum, class management, teaching technique, and legal limits placed upon you as a teacher for the Deaf. Deaf culture is very limiting and composed of theRead MoreBlack Deaf Community601 Words   |  2 PagesPrevious researches on Deaf cultures were mostly on superficial issues such as the typical cultural differences between the deaf and the hearing communities, the history of Deaf education, the distinctions of the deaf from the Deaf, and the critical points in the fight against discrimination. Sociolinguistics of sign languages also has its typical subjects such as Martha’s Vineyard, justification that American Sign Language is a true language, and the spectrum from Signed Exact English to AmericanRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School1661 Words   |  7 Pageshuman beings. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonverbal Communication in School Introduction â€Å"People cannot live without each other, we are social beings† (Marwijk). Students from different levels and cultures love to hang out with each other thus using different nonverbal communication which may build or break up relationships because of misunderstood actions. Usually body language occurs unconsciouslyRead MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 Pagesand the Americans with Disabilities Act: Effective Communication for People Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing ................................................................................................................................................68 ADA Business Brief: DOJ Assistance for Communicating with People Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing in Hospital Settings ..69 Settlements and Court Cases Involving Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Persons in Hospital Settings......................................Read MoreThe Story of My Life2883 Words   |  12 PagesThe Story of My Life by: Helen Keller I. INTRODUCTION Helen Keller overcame different difficult obstacles of deafness and blindness to become an influential lecturer and social activist. She has become, in American culture, an icon of perseverance, respected and honored by readers, historians, and activists. Helen began working on The Story of My Life while she was a student at Radcliffe College, and it was first published in installments in Ladies’ Home Journal. Helping her was an editorRead MoreCultural Considerations Remote or Robotic Surgery Essay4017 Words   |  17 Pagesthe elements that comprise the culture and subcultures. Compare the United States use of the technology with that of other nations around the world. What is about Americans that brings about innovation, or has America declined in terms of technical innovation, scientific research and development? Look at advertising for the technology, the use of celebrities or stars or heroes, the applications (e.g. sports and nanotechnology) and the values represented by the culture. What has priority and why? AnRead MoreEssay on History of Special Education in Public Schools2926 Words   |  12 PagesAct â€Å"represents a national framework for education reform to improve our system, policies, standards, and most im portantly, outcomes for all students.† This legislation outlined goals that were very broad and simplistic, but also inspiring to many people. This act did not specifically address the issue of the education of children with special needs, but addressed goals of the education system and all students. Because students with special needs need just what their label states, a special educationRead MoreEssay on Assignment Unit 302 Oct 13 Chris Pi2645 Words   |  11 Pagesmotivation as topics can be made more realistic. Can be undertaken in a group, by pairs or individuals. Can be an opportunity to build on existing experience and knowledge Activity is time limited Requires clear outcomes Requires time for discussion and de-brief Discussion Talking about a topic, initiated by teacher or learners Provides an opportunity for learners to participate. A good opportunity for the sharing of experience and knowledge Some learners may not have the confidence to get involved.Read MoreDiploma in Health and Social Care5652 Words   |  23 Pagesamount of units with the correct credit value to achieve your qualification. Your tutor will support you throughout the process and is on hand to answer your questions and provide guidance when you need it. Learning Plan This workbook is designed for people who are working in or wish to pursue a career in their chosen sector. Your learning plan aims to build your knowledge, understanding and abilities in your industry. The goal is to support you to grow in confidence by underpinning any experienceRead MoreUnit 1 Health and Social Care16199 Words   |  65 Pagescommunication verbal and non-verbal communication skills effectiveness 3 Contexts of communication in health and social care Health and social care professionals have to develop effective communication skills in order to work with the diverse range of people who use and work within care services. The two contexts, or types of circumstances, in which communication and interaction occur are one-to-one and group contexts. Your assessment criteria: P1 Explain the role of effective communication and interpersonal

Effects of Subsidies in Various Sectors Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about theSubsidies in Agriculture, Car INdustry and Solar Energy in Australia and USA. Answer: Introduction A subsidy is a sort of cash identified with guide, reinforcement or associated with a budgetary establishment for a given business or individual, with the reason for advancing money related and social life. Despite the fact that typically stretched out from government, the appropriations can identify with some other support from various divisions, for instance from NGOs. Endowments come in different structures including: encourage money remittance, premium free advances and circuitous tax cuts, protection, low-premium credits and lease rebates. As stated within the executive summary, the substance of this paper assesses subsidies from inside two expresses that are the United States of America and in addition Australia. These two countries among others over the current past have been at the top subsidizing different divisions and organizations inside their compass. Over the recent past various countries have been issuing support to various sectors inform of money as well as other forms. The content of this paper evaluates subsidies in various sectors such as agricultural, solar and industry in two countries Australia and the United States of America. United States offer subsidies to various sectors but majors in agriculture where the government spent billions of money in order to oversee the success of agricultural sector. Compared to the united state, Australian government does not use much as subsidies to agriculture sector but majors in industrial sector and power sector. Subsidies given by the government of different states can be of great economic impact to an economy. From the evaluation of subsidies in the two states, it is quite evident that government subsidies have a lot of negative effects compared to positive social effects. When a subsidy is not well utilized to meet its purpose then an economy can suffer from imbalance where the money given only benefit a few individuals who are within the government. The paper identifies and discusses various effects of subsidy. The content of this paper concentrates on three particular areas: farming, solar oriented and mechanical division. The substance looks at how the legislature of the two states bolsters the recognized division and the impact of subsidies. It closes with a conclusion covering the general dialog. Content Agricultural subsidy in Australia In Australia the horticultural segments are little considered as a noteworthy segment amid dissemination of steady assets to different divisions by the legislature. Contrasted with the United States which offers billions of dollars to reinforce horticulture segment, Australian government just spent a couple of dollars on the agrarian division (Balat and Balat 2009). The country then again concentrates on the solar based segment and additionally modern division which they accept have utilized a bigger number of individuals coming about into GDP development and the monetary advancement of the nation as a general. Industrial subsidy in Australia Car industry Holden's declaration of occupation on Monday demonstrates the twofold effects of the solid Australian dollar and import attack upon the indoor family car industry. More than 400 occupations will go in Adelaide, with 100 in Victoria cut also (Weis 2010). An incompletely daze perspective of the business is that it is just about vehicles. In any case, neighboring producers Toyota, Ford, and Holden are just a singular some piece of an impressively more wide auto sections fabricating industry, Holden has gotten $1.8 billion in industry help with the most recent 10 years. That works out at about $8.10 for each Australian man, lady and tyke, enduring masses of around 22 million. Unmistakably any parochialism or nostalgic relationship with covertly made autos is a relic of the cleared past (Balat and Balat 2009). The country as needs be puts an impressive measure of salary in this part in perspective of the amount of the all inclusive community in Australia acclimatized inside the business a s agents. Solar power subsidy in Australia Another area which is very much supported by the Australian government is the solar based power generation which is one of the creating businesses in Australia. As of January 2017, Australia has more than 5,700 megawatts (MW) of presented photovoltaic (PV) solar based situated power, of which 763 MW were presented in the previous 12 months. PV added to 2.4% of the country's electrical essentialness for 2014-2015 (Burtt and Dargusch 2015). The presented PV constrain in Australia has extended 10-wrinkle in the region of 2009 and 2011, and quadrupled in the region of 2011 and 2016. Feed in obligations and mandatory practical power source targets proposed to help feasible power source commercialization in Australia have, all things considered, been responsible for the speedy augmentation (Burtt and Dargusch 2015). In South Australia, a solar invigorate in commitment was shown for families and an enlightening project that included introducing PVs on the most noteworthy purposes of basic open structures, for example, the Adelaide Airport, State Parliament, Museum, Art Gallery and two or three hundred open schools. In 2008 Premier Mike Rann declared financing for $8 million worth of solarbased controlled develop sheets in light of the most noteworthy purpose of the new Goyder Pavilion at the Royal Adelaide Show grounds, the best rooftop solarlight based establishment in Australia, qualifying it for master "control station" status. South Australia has the most astounding per capita take up of family solarlight based fueled masterminded control in Australia (Burtt and Dargusch 2015). The fundamental business scale PV control plant, the 1 MW Uterne Solar Power Station, was opened in 2011. The second opened in 2012 at Greenough River Solar Farm with a point of confinement of 10 MW. The cost of photovoltaic has been decreasing, and in January 2013, was not as much as a substantial segment of the cost of using system control in Australia (Banga 2014). Australia has been universally upbraided for conveying by none of its essentialness from solar based arranged power, regardless of its boundless resources, open air and general high potential. The administration of Australia should in this manner guarantee the development of the solar based industry keeping in mind the end goal to see its prosperity. The administration over the current past has been giving stipend on the solicitations used to pay for solar based vitality to the purchasers with a specific end goal to see the area create to the union (Banga 2014). Agricultural subsidy in United States In 2014 Congress passed another enormous agricultural subsidy. The bill changed the structure of improvements, yet they did not cut the general level of ideal conditions. The law completed the incite parcel program, the countercyclical program, and the Average Crop Revenue Election program (Sumaila, Dyck and Baske 2014). Regardless, it supplemented the best ranch task program trim security and it included two new sponsorship programs, the Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) program and the Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program. Right when the 2014 homestead bill was passed, supporters guaranteed that it would spare national cash, however the inverse has happened (Sumaila, Dyck and Baske 2014). It is clear now that the ARC and PLC endeavors will cost billions of dollars a year more than at first estimated.5 the cost of gather security is in like way raising. This program pays blessings to agriculturists if their compensation per range of land, or then again their region's compensation per fragment of land, falls underneath a benchmark or ensured level. For the most part, the lower are costs and occupations, the more noteworthy are the subsidys paid. More than 20 things are secured, from wheat and corn to chickpeas and mustard. Twist distributions change, yet they will be about $7 billion in 2016.9 (Botterill 2013). This is a regard ensure program that started in the New Deal time period. The essential trusted it was to give ranchers collective time for the target that they could hold their harvests to offer at a higher cost later on. In any case, the program has advanced into basically one greater apportioning program that passes on higher bits to agriculturists when market costs are low. These assignments will cost about $400 million in 2016 (Botterill 2013). The Agriculture Marketing Service spends about $1.2 billion a year on homestead and bolsters movement works out. The Foreign Agricultural Service spends about $1.4 billion a year on a degree of exercises, including advancing U.S. home and sustenance things abroad through 93 outside workplaces. Most American attempts finance their own particular inventive work; however the association utilizes an impressive number of investigators and unmistakable masters to help the developing business (Scheer 2013). The USDA spends about $3 billion a year on agribusiness and sustenance examines at more than 100 regions (Scheer 2013). The work environments besides gives other bolster associations, for example, bona fide data and cash related overviews. Solar power subsidy in the United States Solar based arranged power in the United States consolidates utility-scale solar oriented situated power plants and neighborhood appropriated time, generally from roof photovoltaic (Dui? 2015). As of the complete of 2016, the U.S. had 40 gig watts (GW) of presented photovoltaic breaking point, having essentially increased in farthest point from the previous year. In the twelve months through January 2017, utility scale solar based fueled power delivered 35.5 terawatt-hours (TWh), 0.92% of total U.S. control (Dui? 2015). In the midst of a comparable day and age mean solar powered situated period, including assessed flowed solar oriented based photovoltaic time, was 57.2 TWh, 1.40 % of total U.S power the extent that total presented constrain, by year end 2015 the USA situated fourth on the planet behind China, Germany, and Japan. In 2016, 39% of all new power time constrain in the country begun from solar based light based, more than some other source and before combustible gas (29%). By 2015, solar based situated work had overpowered oil and gas and furthermore coal work in the U.S (Shmelev and Bergh 2016). The United States drove much early research in photovoltaic and concentrated solar oriented light based power. The U.S. is among the top countries on the planet in power made by the Solar and a couple of the world's greatest utility-scale foundations are arranged in the surrender Southwest (Pinner and Rogers 2015). The most settled solar based construct control plant with respect to the planet is the 354-megawatt (MW) SEGS warm power plant, in California. The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is solar powered situated warm powers reach out in the California Mojave Desert, 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Las Vegas, with a gross point of confinement of 392 MW. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is a solar based situated power plant close Gila Bend, Arizona, around 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Phoenix, completed in 2013. Exactly when approved it was the greatest illustrative trough plant on the planet and the foremost U.S. solar based situated plant with fluid salt warm essenti alness stockpiling. There are courses of action to manufacture various other immense solar based plants in the United States. Many states have set individual economical power source goals with solar powered light based power being joined into various degrees (Shmelev and Bergh 2016). Agent Jerry Brown has checked establishment requiring California's utilities to get 50 percent of their energy from economical power sources before the complete of 2030 Industrial subsidy in United States On a mid-November Monday, Washington Gov. Jay Inslee (D) set apart into law the best corporate obligation diminishment in any state's history, with an ordinary lifetime estimation of $8.7 billion. The bundle was the result of an exceptional three-day session Inslee passed on with a specific genuine target to enchant Boeing to make its 777X plane in the state (Pinner and Rogers 2015). Boeing didn't simply score tremendous that day. The flying brute has turned out to be more state and near to sponsorship dollars than whatever other attempt in America, as per starting late discharged information amassed by Good Jobs First, a framework asset concentrate on task information. The state arrangement information was discharged Tuesday in conjunction with comparative picked information and an arranging report "Uncle Sam's Favorite Corporations" which surveys the distinctions, credits and unmistakable subsidies scattered by the central government since 2000 (Edwards, Othman and Burn 2015). Through the cross of those 15 years, the national government has passed on $68 billion in stipends and fantastic cost credits to relationship, with 66% of that exchanged to noteworthy associations. Six affiliations have gotten $1 no under billion, while 21 have gotten $500 no under million. The best beneficiary of government gives and commitment credits was a Spanish hugeness affiliation, Iberdrola, which got the picked allocations by "putting vivaciously in U.S. control period working environments," Good Jobs First reports (Edwards, Othman and Burn 2015). The database, which the get-together touts as the basic far reaching bookkeeping of government designation endowments, contains new records on more than 164,000 regards from 137 picked amplifies and makes information amassed by the social affair since 2010. The day and age secured by the state and near to information is less obvious. Effects of subsidies Positive effects The effect is to increase the supply and lowering the price of the certain commodity. By subsidizing, the supply curve shifts from S to S2 therefore expanding the amount from Q1 to Q2 and bringing down the cost from P1 to P2. Consequently, the financed item has the lower cost in the market. Moreover, if the consortium can does it then why not have any significant bearing it on every one of the products whirling in the budgetary market (Hughes and Urpelainen 2015). The Government pays the rest some portion of cost by its income i.e. charges. What's more, the expenses are not vast, so we can't make a difference it on every one of the merchandise and enterprises. It can make the opening for work. Suppose Government gives a subsidy of $100 to XYZ organization. This implies XYZ has that $100 to spend some place. Suppose he chose to spend a piece of that cash into expanding the workforce, this will straightforwardly impact the openings for work. Subsidies have a lot of benefits to a nation as leads to improved living standards as members of the public can afford most of the subsidized commodities. It also results into economic growth of the nation as it fuels employment through industrial expansions. Negative effects In spite of the fact that subsidies can be critical, many are 'unreasonable'. To be 'unreasonable', subsidies must apply impacts that are obviously and altogether unfriendly both financially and environmentally change (Bergek, Berggren and KITE Research Group 2014). An subsidy infrequently, if at any time, begins unreasonable, yet after some time a honest to goodness effective appropriation can end up noticeably unreasonable or ill-conceived in the event that it is not pulled back subsequent to meeting its objective or as political objectives change (Bergek, Berggren and KITE Research Group 2014). Unreasonable subsidies are presently so broad that starting at 2007 they measured $2 trillion every year in the six most financed parts alone (farming, petroleum derivatives, street transportation, water, fisheries and ranger service) The unfavorable impacts of unreasonable subsidies are differing in nature and reach. Contextual investigations from contrasting parts are highlighted underneath yet can be abridged as takes after. Specifically, they are costly to governments by coordinating assets far from other genuine ought to needs, for example, ecological preservation, instruction, wellbeing, or infrastructure (Bundschuh and Chen 2014). In a roundabout way, they cause ecological debasement abuse of assets, contamination, loss of scene, abuse and abuse of provisions which, and in addition its essential harm, goes about as a further brake on economies; tend to profit the few to the detriment of the numerous, and the rich to the detriment of poor people; prompt further polarization of improvement between the Northern and Southern halves of the globe; bring down worldwide market costs; and undermine venture choices lessening the weight on organizations to wind up noticeably more efficient (Weis 2010). Over time the l ast impact implies bolster moves toward becoming revered in human conduct and business choices to the point where individuals end up noticeably dependent on, even dependent on, appropriations, "locking" them into society. Conclusion From the discussion in the above content it is quite evident that various countries major on different sectors when providing financial support. As seen in Australia most of the subsidies are direct to the industrial sector more than other sector. The argument behind this is based on the size of the population a given sector can employ. The automotive sector in Australia has employed majority of the people making the government of Australia to provide more support to the sector. The united states of America on the hand tend to provide equal support to the three selected sectors but still invests more on agriculture. Considering the content above, government subsidies is important to the economic growth even though its negative effects outweighs the positive effects based on the opinion of various economists. Government subsidies results in to growth and expansion of various industries leading to increased rate of employment thus well economic growth. Various state governments in the world should therefore resolve into subsidizing various sectors in their nations to promote economic development but they have to bear in mind the negative effects of subsidies. References Balat, M. and Balat, H., 2009. Recent trends in global production and utilization of bio-ethanol fuel. Applied energy, 86(11), pp.2273-2282. Banga, R., 2014. Impact of green box subsidies on agricultural productivity, production and international trade. UNCTAD Background Paper No. RCV, 11. Bergek, A., Berggren, C. and KITE Research Group, 2014. The impact of environmental policy instruments on innovation: A review of energy and automotive industry studies. Ecological Economics, 106, pp.112-123. Botterill, L.C., 2013. Are policy entrepreneurs really decisive in achieving policy change? Drought policy in the USA and Australia. Australian Journal of Politics History, 59(1), pp.97-112. Bundschuh, J. and Chen, G. eds., 2014. Sustainable energy solutions in agriculture. CRC Press. Burtt, D. and Dargusch, P., 2015. The cost-effectiveness of household photovoltaic systems in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Australia: linking subsidies with emission reductions. Applied Energy, 148, pp.439-448. Dui?, N., 2015. Is the success of clean energy guaranteed?. Clean technologies and environmental policy, 17(8), pp.2093-2100. Edwards, J., Othman, M. and Burn, S., 2015. A review of policy drivers and barriers for the use of anaerobic digestion in Europe, the United States and Australia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, pp.815-828. Hughes, L. and Urpelainen, J., 2015. Interests, institutions, and climate policy: Explaining the choice of policy instruments for the energy sector. Environmental Science Policy, 54, pp.52-63. Matsushita, M., Schoenbaum, T.J., Mavroidis, P.C. and Hahn, M., 2015. The World Trade Organization: law, practice, and policy. Oxford University Press. Pinner, D. and Rogers, M., 2015. Solar Power Comes of Age: How Harassing the Solar Got Cheap and Practical. Foreign Aff., 94, p.111. Scheer, H., 2013. The solar economy: Renewable energy for a sustainable global future. Routledge. Shmelev, S.E. and van den Bergh, J.C., 2016. Optimal diversity of renewable energy alternatives under multiple criteria: An application to the UK. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, pp.679-691. Sumaila, U.R., Dyck, A. and Baske, A., 2014. Subsidies to tuna fisheries in the Western Central Pacific Ocean. Marine Policy, 43, pp.288-294. United Nations Environment Programme. Biofuels Working Group and United Nations Environment Programme. International Panel for Sustainable Resource Management, 2009. Towards sustainable production and use of resources: assessing biofuels. UNEP/Earthprint. Weis, T., 2010. The accelerating biophysical contradictions of industrial capitalist agriculture. Journal of agrarian change, 10(3), pp.315-341.

Deployment of Mobile Device Technology †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Deployment of Mobile Device Technology. Answer: Introduction Most organizations have refrained from managing their information and data manually. Through information systems adoption, companies are now able to utilize comprehensive and advanced databases that contains all required information of the organization. Information system evaluate, update and stores all organizations information which is later used to pinpoint current or future problems solution. In addition, integration of data from various sources, outside and inside the organization ca be enhanced through this system. As such, the company stays updated with the external risks and opportunities and internal performance. This report outlines functions of information systems, business processes and transaction cycle, mapping and documentation of information system, acquisition and deployment of information system, and ethical issues related to information system. Decision making- the sufficiency of strategic plan determines the success of an organization in the long run. Information system is used by the organization management team in formulation of strategic plans and decision making that enhance prosperity and longevity of the organization. Information system is also used by the business in information evaluation from all sources external references like Bloomberg and Reuters included which offer information on the overall economy. This assessment and market trends comparison aids the company in analyzing the quality and sufficiency of strategic plans. (Swanson, Swanson, Bowen, Phillips, Gallup, Lynes, 2010). Business Processes- development of bigger number of systems that are value added in the organization is enhanced through the use Information systems. For instance, an organization can combine manufacturing cycle with the information systems to make sure that the results produced matches with the needs of the several standards of quality management. Acquisition of information systems makes business process simple and eliminates unnecessary operations. Through information systems employees processes are added controls making sure that operation of specific tasks is done only by users with applicable right. In addition, information systems increase accuracy and removes tasks that are repetitive permitting employees to focus on functions that are of high level. Implementation and better project planning through efficient management is enhanced through the use of information system. (Gelinas, Dull, 2010) Business process A business process is a sequence of steps carried out by stakeholders group to obtain a concrete objective. Multiple users repeat these steps severally in an optimized and standardized way. A business process can either be automatic or manual. When processes are done manually, there is no use of assisting technology. Automatic processes on the other hand is when technology is used to help users in implementing operations in a standardized and accurate manner. A business process is seen as a flowchart of logical steps.This method is formalized by Business Process Management(BPM). (Draheim, 2010). The following are some types of business process; Manufacturing this is a corrective maintenance, product assembly, and a quality assurance process. Finance this is a risk management, invoicing, and a billing process. Health this is a medical evaluation and drug approval process Bankingthis is a client on-boarding and credit check process. Travel this is a trip booking, and agent billing process Defense this is a situation room and emergency management process HR this is a vacation request, leavers and starters process Public Sectorthis is a process that deals with government service application Compliance this is a safety audit, and a legal check process Transaction Cycles The following are some the transactions cycle that exist in all kinds of businesses: the conversion cycle, the expenditure cycle, and the revenue cycle. These cycles are present in both profit and non-profit organizations. For example, every organization is subjected to expenditures for the sake of obtaining resources (expenditure cycle). Businesses offers value added through its services or products (conversion cycle). Revenue is received from outside sources by the company (revenue cycle). (Oliver, 2012). The Figure above demonstrates the cycles relationship and the flow of resource between them. The Expenditure Cycle- this is where organization operations begin with materials, labor and property acquisition in exchange for money. Several transactions of expenditure depend on credit relationship between parties of trading. After goods and services receipt is issued, the actual cash disbursement occurs. Between this two occurrence, several weeks or days may pass by. As such this transaction displays two parts, that is financial and physical component. A different subsystem cycle processes every component. This cycle results to purchases and disbursement of cash systems. Purchases systems identifies the necessity of acquiring physical inventory like raw materials and does placement of an order with the supplier. Purchase systems write down the event when the goods are obtained by establishing purchases and increasing inventory to be accounted for at a later date. (Kartseva, 2008). Cash disbursements system distributes the funds and perform transactions recording after the responsibility generated by purchase system is ready. Cash distribution system authorizes payment by minimizing cash and purchases accounts. Collection of data of labor usage, computation of the payroll and payment disbursements to the employees is done by payroll system. Payroll is a unique case cash disbursement and purchase system. Most organizations possess a different payroll processing system due to existence of accounting complexities. (Gupta, 2011). Acquisition, disposal and maintenance transactions of fixed assets are processed by fixed asset system. This items are permanent and represent largest financial investment of an organization. Examples of these assets include; motor vehicles, land, machinery, buildings, and furniture. The Conversion Cycle- cost accounting and production system are the two major subsystem in conversion cycle. Production systems consist of control, planning and scheduling physical goods through the process of manufacturing. This involves determining the requirements of raw materials, authorizing performance of activities, releasing raw materials into production, and instructing on the work-in-process direction through various manufacturing stages. The cost accounting systems on the other hand manages cost information flows associated to production. Information produced by this system helps in performance reporting, inventory valuation, cost control, budgeting and management decisions like buy or make decisions. (Goyal, 2014) Formal conversion cycle helps manufacturing organizations in converting raw materials into finished goods. Although this cycle is not formal, service observant and establishments in retails, organizations still engage in its operations that enhance culmination of salable goods and service development. These operations include; products and services readying and resources allocation like prepaid expenses, depreciation and building amortization to the appropriate accounting time. Merchandizing organizations however, do not use subsystem of conversion cycle to process their operations. (Weske, 2012). The Revenue Cycle- this cycle helps organizations sell their finished products to clients. It involves receipt, cash and credit sales processing. Sales order and cash receipts processing are the physical and financial component of transactions of revenue cycle that are separately processed. Sales order processing- most sales of business are created on credit and consist of duties like transaction recording in the accounts, preparing orders of sales, billing customers, granting credit, and products shipping to the client. Cash receipts- days and weeks passes between sale and cash receipt point. Processing of cash receipts include; cash collection, cash depositing in the bank, and writing down these occurrences in the accounts. (Harmon, 2007). Mapping information system Decision support system- decision making is enhanced through working and evaluating data that can create data techniques and projection of statistics. This system does not replace judgement of the manager, instead it supports it while enhancing quality improvement of his or her decision. Transaction processing systems- these systems offers a way of collection, processing, storage, modification displays or transaction cancellation. Multiple transaction in these systems occurs simultaneously. Data collected is kept in the databases which is later used in production of reports like check registers, billings, schedules, wages, manufacturing, inventory and summaries. (Sample, Ioup, 2010) Information systems in organization-these systems involves collection, storage and processing of data that gives the usefulness and accuracy of the information to the organization. Information systems involves information gathering from machines and individuals that receive data, enhance its processing, output it and then store. It also involves networks that sent and collect data and the processes that controls how data is managed. (Waldron, 2014) Management information systems-these system utilizes the data received from transaction processing systems and generate reports used in making business decisions by managers to solve problems. Some of the reports created by these information systems include; ad hoc, summary and exception reports. This help to increase the effectiveness of managerial operations. Neutral networks and expert systems- an expert system also referred to as knowledge-based system is a system of a computer that is structured to evaluate data and generate recommendations, controlled decisions and diagnosis. A neutral system on the other hand, uses computers to nurture information processing, learning and remembrance through a human being brains. (In Brocke, In Rosemann, 2014). Documenting Information System The goal of documenting information system is to help users to analyze, understand, explain and improve internal controls, business processes and information systems that are complex. It also helps in personnel training. (Information Resources Management Association, 2011). Data flow diagram this is a system graphicalrepresentation. It shows components of a system; flow of data among the components; and the data sources, storage and destinations. Data flow Diagram Symbols- the following are some diagram that shows data flow; Bubble symbol this shows an entity within which flows of data that is incoming are completely changed into outgoing flows of data. Acquisition of information system External Sources- organizations may decide to obtain a system buying a proprietary package from a supplier under a license and have the system personalized either internally or externally by the suppliers or any other outsider contractor. Enterprise system are normally bought in this way. Another option is to redistribute application of an open source which has a free program code and is open for modification under distinct kinds of license that forces application openness in perpetuity. In general, usage cost of software of the open source involves technical support from unique suppliers. (Camenisch, Fischer-Hu?bner, Murayama, Portmann, Rieder, 2011). Internal information systems development- life cycle or rapid application development is used by a company to develop information system internally. Same techniques are used by vendors of the system which requires to offer customized and more general system. Systems of large organization like enterprise systems are normally created and controlled through a process that is systematic referred to as system life cycle. This system involves six stages; system design, feasibility study, programming and testing, installation, system analysis, and operation and maintenance. The five stages that is feasibility study, system design, installation, system analysis and programming and testing are used in system development and the last stage which is operation and maintenance is the exploitation of the long term. In regard to the usage period, information system may be upgraded or phased out. A system enters another life cycle development in case there is need of a major upgrade. The diagram bel ow shows the six stages; Deployment of information system Identifying and understanding deployment audience. Some of the unique groups that should be considered include; operation staffs who run the software, end users and the support staff who aid users with the system. The level of management over the actual deployment of each group should be identified. (Gelinas, 2014). Identifying deployment strategy early- the organization should determine whether the system is executed parallel with the current system or will a cutover be carried out. Executing the system with parallel provides the benefits of backing out to the old system if the new one gets some challenges. However, parallel activities need great effort from all involved individuals. Cutover is used mainly by organizations supporting online clients Installation testing. Installation scripts should be tested. The best method is to build installation scripts as the system is being developed and use them in promoting software between sandbox that the team is integrating into pre-production testing areas. The diagram below shows the installation testing. (Beynon-Davies, 2013) Release regularly- development releases are delivered by developers of Agile software into areas of pre-production staging at the end of every iteration. Development release of a software is something delivered into production if it goes through quality assurance of pre-production, process of deployment and testing. (Khosrow-Pour, 2009). Start planning early. In order to be successful planning early is required as deployment process can be complex, especially when there is a variety of configurations in the system or if the user is physically distributed. Acknowledge deployment is harder than it seems- several operations should be considered before system is deployed into production. Planning of an agile strategy should be enhanced. Plans should be kept at high level first targeting on the main dependencies.(National Research Council, 2010). Reduce efforts of pre-production testing safely with time - amount of time taken in pre-production testing efforts can be minimized by agility, thus increasing the speed of deployment. Agility offers artifacts of high quality and consists of suite of regression test to show that the system is functioning well. Deployment is easier if software are Well-tested organization must performObject-oriented testing even if it is a difficult and complex endeavor. Testing should be done early and more often. reflection of organizational culture through planning- the organization should determine the individuals whom the system is deployed to, their daily roles and policies, willingness to tolerate the amount of change to be enhanced, and the impact of the system once deployed. (Wiley, 2017). EB ay, google and Facebook are among the businesses that have become successful through the use of information systems. However, inappropriate use of information system can generate issues for the employees and companies. Loss of finances to individuals or financial institute can occur due access gained by criminals to information of the credit card. Lawsuits and business loss can occur if individuals post improper details on twitter or Facebook using organizations account. (Schweiger, 2011). Cyber-crime- this is committing crimes using information systems. Cyber can start simply with annoying users of computer, then progress to losses of huge finances, and maybe cause loss of life. Some of things that have led to cyber-crime growth are smartphones and other high-end mobile machines growth. Types of cyber-crimes include; Identity theft- this is where malfunction is practiced by a criminal through impersonating identity of someone else. Cyber-criminals access someone else personal identity. Content used in such crimes involves passport numbers, social security numbers, debit and credit card numbers, and date of birth among others. Information obtained by these criminals is used to make orders online by pretending to be the person that owns the account. Acquisition of personal data is done through phishing. Phishing is generation of websites that are fake and similar to emails or business websites that are legitimate. (Wang, Wang, 2012) For instance, the user may be tricked to updates details through a request to verify personal details such as passwords and contact number from an email that pretend to come from GMAIL. As such the criminal gains access to victims personal details. The attacker can transfer funds or make online orders if the victim uses services of PayPal. Other techniques of phishing include use of WI-FI hotspots that are fake but similar to legitimate ones. This commonly happens in airports and restaurants. If the user fails to suspect and logs in to the network then attackers may attempt gaining access to information that is sensitive like credit card numbers, usernames and passwords. Copyright infringement- also known as piracy is the use of materials that are copyrighted without authority. It is one of the largest challenge with digital goods. Distribution of materials that are copyrighted like audio, software and audio are done using websites like pirate bay. (Hercheui, 2012). Click fraud- organizations like Google AdSense advertises services where pay per click is offered. Click fraud happens when the user clicks a link with the intentions of making money but not gaining knowledge of information. This can also happen through the use of software that are automated which create those links. Advance Fee Fraud- the targeted victim receives an email that request them to demand the attackers inheritance money and in return they are promised huge amounts of money. Attackers pretend to be related with dead relatives and claims to be entitled to wealth inheritance and requires assistance in claiming it. The criminal will sometimes request for financial assistance and ascertains to reward later. If the victims fall to the trick and transfers the money to the scammer, he or she loses the cash. (Greene, 2013) Hacking- this is where security is by-passed to gain system access without authority. Attackers can do anything they feel like once they gain that access. Some of the operations carried out when hacking occurs are; installation of applications that permits attackers to monitor the user or manage their system remotely. (Kizza, 2010) Deface websites- this is stealing information that is sensitive. This can be performed using methods like injection of SQL, vulnerabilities exploitation in the database program to gain access, techniques of social engineering that make users submit passwords and ids. Conclusion In conclusion information system is associated with several advantages which include; communication becomes cheaper, much effective and quicker, elimination of geographical, cultural, and linguistic boundaries is enhanced, most business are now available 24/7, facilitates creation of new jobs, and it enhances productivity and cost effectiveness. However, adoption of information system in the organization is also associated with some disadvantages which include; lack of job security and unemployment since these systems replaces the roles of individuals in the firm, implementation of information system is expensive, there are security issues where attackers access someone else personal details, and it is argued that dominating culture like USA influences others on some things like dressing, and behavior. Efficiency through the use of information systems in an organization is enhanced. Information system continues to grow overtime and have improved largely the quality of life. Most organizations such as health centers has benefited through the use of new information system. Recommendations Considerations-Implementation of information systems within a company can be expensive. Cost of implementation involves system installations and sessions of employee training. Working staff may think of system adoption as unreasonable change and so resisting it. resistance can lead to turnover of employee and cause hindrances in business activities. Organizations should ensure that leadership is in place to evaluate decision adequacy in obtaining information system and provide guidance through the phase of transition in the company and compare the cost of information system against its benefits. References Beynon-Davies, P. (2013).Business information systems. Houndmills, Basingstoke ; New York : Palgrave Macmillan Camenisch, J. L., Fischer-Hu?bner, S., Murayama, Y., Portmann, A., Rieder, C., (2011).Future challenges in security and privacy for academia and industry: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer. Draheim, D. (2010).Business process technology: A unified view on business processes, workflows and enterprise applications. Heidelberg: Springer. Gelinas, U. J. (2014).Accounting information systems. Australia : South-Western Gelinas, U. J., Dull, R. B. (2010).Accounting information systems. Australia: South-Western/ Cengage Learning. Australia ; Mason, Ohio : South-Western/ Cengage Learning Goyal, A. P. (2014).Management information systems: Managerial perspective. Noida: Vikas Publishing House. Noida : Vikas Publishing House Greene, S. S. (2013).Security program and policies: Principles and practices. Indianapolis, Indiana : Pearson IT Certification Gupta, H. (2011).Management information system: (an insight). New Delhi: International Book House. Harmon, P. (2007).Business process change: A guide for business managers and BPM and six sigma professionals. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Hercheui, M. D. (2012).ICT critical infrastructures and society: 10th IFIP TC 9 International Conference on Human Choice and Computers, HCC10 2012, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, September 27-28, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin: Springer. In Brocke, J. ., In Rosemann, M. (2014).Handbook on business process management: 1. Berlin : Springer Information Resources Management Association. (2011).Enterprise information systems: Concepts, methodologies, tools and applications. Hershey: Business Science Reference. Kartseva, V. (2008).Designing controls for network organizations: A value-based approach. S.l: s.n.. Khosrow-Pour, M. (2009).Encyclopedia of information science and technology. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Kizza, J. M. (2010).Ethical and social issues in the information age. London: Springer. National Research Council (U.S.).,(2010).Achieving effective acquisition of information technology in the Department of Defense. Washington, D.C. : The National Academies Press Oliver, G. R. (2012).Foundations of the assumed business operations and strategy body of knowledge (BOSBOK): An outline of shareable knowledge. Sydney: Sydney University Press. Sample, J. T., Ioup, E. (2010).Tile-based geospatial information systems: Principles and practices. New York: Springer. Schweiger, C. L., (2011).Use and deployment of mobile device technology for real-time transit information. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board. Swanson, M., Swanson, M., Bowen, P., Phillips, A. W., Gallup, D., Lynes, D., (2010).Contingency planning guide for federal information systems. Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology Waldron, M. (2014).Mapping information. Place of publication not identified: Raintree. Wang, S., Wang, H. (2012).Information systems analysis and design. Boca Raton: Universal-Publishers. Weske, M. (2012).Business process management: Concepts, languages, architectures. Berlin: Springer. Wiley, J., (2017). study guide: Auditing and attestation. Wiley Sons Inc.

African Americans

Introduction The history of African Americans can be traced back to 1600s. It is thought that the first African American set his foot in the U.S. between 3100-2100 B.C (Schaefer, 2011, p.14).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on African Americans-Prejudice and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The number of African American has since grown to over 42 million people according to the latest census report (Schaefer, 2011, p.14). This accounts for about 11% of the U.S. population making it one of the largest minority groups today. Furthermore, this number is projected to rise to over 100 million in the next 40 years due to increased immigration of African American into the United States. However, Schaefer (2011, p.18) notes that African Americans have faced many challenges ever since their arrival in the U.S. The challenges range from prejudice, discrimination, and racism among others that they have had to o vercome during the last centuries. This paper discusses issues of prejudice and discrimination that African Americans have had to overcome over the last decades. African Americans have had to overcome a number of challenges since they were first brought to the U.S. by Europeans at about 1600s (Laouenan, 2010, p.3). Report indicates that the African Americans were brought into the U.S. as slaves to work in European farms and industries (Schaefer, 2011, p.21). Soon afterwards the white population flourished thereby increasing slavery. The increase in slavery also increased racism in which African Americans were being racially abused and battered by the white Americans. In fact, slavery was made legal in America in 1641 when the State of Massachusetts passed a law legalizing slavery (Laouenan, 2010, p.3). As slaves, the African Americans were subjected to hard labor in poor working environment. In fact, many African Americans perished because of hard labor they were being subjected to as slaves. As time progressed, Kain (1968, p.34) reveals that racism flourished in America in which African Americans were racially abused and harassed by the white Americans. This is based on prejudice in which African Americans were perceived to be a primitive populace that does not deserve mixing with the rest of the population. This was particularly witnessed in the famous Jim Crow era of 1890-1940, which is associated with prejudice against African Americans (Laouenan, 2010, p.11). During this era, several laws were enacted in America that allowed for segregation of public facilities for blacks and whites. In this regard, African Americans were barred from attending schools reserved for their white counterparts (Kain, 1968, p.36).Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The same applied to hospitals and transport facilities in which the front seats were a preserve for the whites. In addition, Jim Crow era saw blacks being deprived of voting rights, in addition to being deprived the right to pursue formal education (Laouenan, 2010, p.9). As a result, those who disobeyed these laws were brutally murdered by their white counterparts. African Americans also faced the challenge of racial discrimination in places of employments in which it was not easy for blacks to find good jobs. Those who were able to get jobs were poorly paid than their white counterparts (Kain, 1968, p.41). In addition, racial discrimination saw African Americans being denied access to decent housing as they were being forced to live in informal settlements. Despite all these forms of prejudice and discrimination, African Americans have managed to overcome quite a number. This began during the civil war in which African Americans stood to fight against prejudice and discrimination. It also took the effort of African American civil right activists such as Martin Luther King who fought tireless ly against oppression of African Americans (Kain, 1968, p.42). In fact, America can today be seen as a single society without discrimination and prejudice. Conclusion It is undeniable that African Americans have faced many challenges in the U.S. ranging from prejudice to racial discrimination. Nevertheless, African Americans have overcome most of these challenges making America one of the best countries to live in and work. This is because many African Americans today hold senior positions in America, something that was not possible in the past. This is also evident from the fact that today America is led by President Barack Obama whose father happened to hail from Kenya in Africa. References Kain, J. (1968). Housing segregation, Negro employment, and metropolitan decentralization. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82 (1), 32-59. Laouenan, M. (2010). Prejudice and Wage Discrimination against Blacks in the US: Spatial Mismatch at the National Level. GREQAM Sciences-Po, 10(2), 1-30. Sc haefer, R. T. (2011). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th edn). New York, NY: Pearson Education, Limited.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on African Americans-Prejudice and Discrimination specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on African Americans-Prejudice and Discrimination was written and submitted by user Carolyn Snow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

HRM in Ford Motor Company

HRM in Ford Motor Company Alignment of HRM and business strategies Ford Motors is a well-established automobile manufacturer across the globe. It has a long history of successful operations. In order to remain profitable amidst tough competition in the automobile industry, the company undertook a number of restructuring efforts as part of its business strategy (Bayou de Korvin, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on HRM in Ford Motor Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From 2006 to 2012, the company executed the ‘One Ford’ business strategy. The Human Resource (HR) department job positions at Ford Motors include personnel relations, workforce planning and recruiting, business operations and labor relations. The main roles of the HR department entail recruiting/hiring, training, capacity building, promotions, demotions and firing of employees. I would prefer to work as a labor relations officer because I am diplomatic and c an adequately bridge the gap between employees, employer and trade unions. After Alan Mulally assumed the CEO’s position of the company in 2006, he initiated the growth stimulation plan under the banner of ‘One Ford’ strategy (Hiraide Chakraborty, 2012). First, this business strategy outlined the importance of a competent and well-motivated workforce in the growth objectives of the automobile company. There was urgent need to create a winning team that would boost the profitability of the company. Mutual participation in key decision-making processes was seen by the management of the company as a major motivating factor. Delivery of results was the mandate of individual employees even though tasks were assigned to teams. Teamwork experience is the noblest approach through which the company markets its human capital.  Second, the whole global enterprise of the Ford Motors adopted a single plan as part of the ‘One Ford’ strategy. The set performance objectives were also aligned with the global plan of the company. The ‘one plan’ concept was meant to avoid any form of ambiguity in the course of operations. As much as some level of success was attained through the autonomous business units, the management thought that the system was quite inefficient in delivering desired results. The ‘one plan’ agenda would be sustainable for a long period.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, a single, unified entity replaced the disparate units when the ‘one plan’ was embraced and adopted by the company.  In order to implement the ‘One Ford’ business strategy, the company began by securing adequate finances. A total of $23.5 billion was secured by the company towards the end of December 2006. This was indeed a major strategic financing that remarkably boosted the liqui dity of the firm. Besides, another 4.95 billion dollars was secured by Ford as part of its convertible debt since it was necessary for the company to cushion itself against unforeseen risks. The automotive business was also restructured alongside the ‘One Ford’ strategy. The latter was necessary because the company needed to be in line with the changing tastes and preferences of consumers, high fuel prices, and low demand for its products. Restructuring also entailed minimizing operational costs by close to $5 billion. As it stands now, the company is still pursuing the broad objective of hastening the production and marketing of new products (Chuang Liao, 2010). Ford Motors can establish a number of HR management strategies in order to improve its competitive strategy. For instance, the department should attract and mobilize the unique abilities of employees (talent) in order to enhance the adopted business strategies. Talent management can swiftly align HR roles with business strategy. Furthermore, building performance capability ensures that the set strategies are successful. It is the role of the HR department to undertake capacity building and training of employees on a regular basis. Other alignment methods include building effective leadership, good governance, and providing coherence. The company can increase diversity at workplace by holding managers accountable, introducing mentoring schemes, developing and promoting organizational culture, flexible working for all employees, and promotion of minority networking groups (Ilmakunnas Ilmakunnas, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on HRM in Ford Motor Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Bayou, M. E., de Korvin, A. (2008). Measuring the leanness of manufacturing systems-A case study of ford motor company and general motors. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 25(4), 287. Chuang, C., Liao, H . (2010). Strategic Human Resource Management in Service Context: Taking Care of Business by Taking Care of Employees and Customers. Personnel Psychology, 63(1), 153-196. Hiraide, N., Chakraborty, K. (2012). Surviving the global recession and the demand for auto industry in the U.S. A case for ford motor company. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), 85-93. Ilmakunnas, P., Ilmakunnas, S. (2011). Diversity at the workplace: Whom does it benefit? De Economist, 159(2), 223-255.

Finance & Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Finance & Investment - Essay Example when the share is underpriced. The valuation model used to estimate the intrinsic value of a share is the present value model. Constant Growth Model is also known as Gordon’s Share Valuation model. It is assumed that dividends will grow at the same rate (g) into the indefinite future and that the discount rate (r) is greater than the dividend growth rate (g). The constant growth assumption may not be realistic in many situations. The growth is dividends may be at varying rates. In this model, the future time period is divided into two different growth segments such as the initial extraordinary growth period and the subsequent constant growth period. That is the flow from period 1 to N which will call V1, and the flow from period N+1 to infinity referred to as V2. Freehold property is an asset, the owners of such property require appropriate evidence about their ownership of the property. The freehold property is a fixed asset held by the owner itself. In this context, it is viewed that whenever the portion of assets increases, then the profitability of the company also goes on increasing. If there is an appreciation in assets, it will automatically lead to increases in profitability of the company as a whole; as a result, increase in profit leads to increase in dividend also. So, it is very clear that there is a direct relation between the increment of assets and thereby a corresponding increment of profits, and finally in dividend also. Moreover, whenever a person becomes the real owner of a freehold property, such a person has the right to undertake either to sell or to provide a lease of such property. â€Å"Taxpayers may seek to infer that the wording "holding investments" connotes passive ownership and argue that extensive personal involvement by the deceased/transferor in the business cannot be classed as "holding investment†. (SVM27580 - Share Valuation Manual: Business Property Relief and Agricultural Property Relief)

Immigration Analysis To Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Immigration Analysis To Society - Essay Example In the early seventeenth century, the first immigrants consisting of English, French, Spanish, and Dutch people arrived here. Later on, thousands of people coming from all over the world immigrated to America and formed the country of the United States of America, known later as the U.S.A. In the year 1776, â€Å"fifty-six men signed their names to the Declaration of Independence establishing the United States as one of the separate national entities in the world† (Chatterjee, pp. 23-25). America truly is a country of immigration, among different ages, genders, colors, and nations, unnumbered people who hold dreams contribute to this country. Therefore, America is a place of opportunity, prosperity, and happiness. In particular, it is an opinion of this paper that immigration is a beneficial notion that results in advantages for the American society and thus, the discussion will be an attempt to justify such thesis of the researcher. Negative Impact of Immigration It is an obs ervation that increased rate of illegal activities by the immigrants has resulted in a negative impact of immigration on minds of the local citizens, and thus, there has been a negative perspective about all the immigrants in the USA. In particular, illegal immigration is the foremost factor that has caused negative impact in the minds of local citizens. Studies have indicated that a major part of the illegal immigrants living in the United States is originally from Mexico, and approximately, 13.2 million illegal immigrants are Mexican-Americans. This number is almost one-fifth of the total population of all immigrants, many people are either uneducated or less educated, and they do not have any skills, abilities, or qualification to get jobs. About such immigrants, writer of ‘Illegal Immigration’, Karen Kenney, states, â€Å"these people either do not have enough money or are not aware of the US legal process, both of which are necessary to get legal immigration to th e United States† (pp. 12). This indicates the reason of huge number of immigrants entering into the United States illegally. One of the second most common factors of such a negative impact is drug trafficking that has been causing illegal immigration of thousands of people for the sake of their business and profits. The link between illegal immigration and drug trafficking has become almost indisputable that have created crime-related issues for the law enforcement officials (Bailey, pp. 97). As many of the illegal immigrants do not either have financial support from their employment or from the government, drug trafficking is a short way to make money. However, experts have indicated that drug trafficking does not only harm the immigrants indirectly but also results in harmful impact on roots of the society. According to an online writer, Pauline Go, she asserts, â€Å"drug use and its consequences threaten and affect the nation and its people from every socio-economic backg round, geographic region, and people with any level of education† (Go, 2008). Constructive Aspect of Immigration Apart from increase in the rate of illegal immigration and drug trafficking, immigration allows a country to benefit significantly from it, and thus, people should not acquire a negative perspective about every immigrant. In particular, reports have indicated that only a small percentage of immigrants consist of individuals that are involved in illegal activities. In the

USPS Political and Legal Barriers Research Paper

USPS Political and Legal Barriers - Research Paper Example In the different fields varying from security and law enforcement to protecting the environment to free trade, Canada and the United States work together closely on different levels, from federal levels to local levels. The United States Postal Service (USPS) is an organization that provides global postal services to clients worldwide with an average delivery of more than 563 million mails (Joseph, 2010). It provides delivery to inaccessible places and free return if the recipient is not established. Despite USPS providing economical services, the long term growth has declined. The following table shows the cost and revenue trends of USPS from 2004 to 2012; There are main problems being faced by USPS. First, the use of computer gadgets and the advancement of computer technology in communication in both Canada and the U.S., such as smart-phones and use of social media have resulted to increase in paperless communication which results to decline in the need of postal services and decline in the First-Class mail thus reducing sales in both countries. Secondly, the existence of the U.S. federal law that requires USPS to pre-pay more than $5.5 Billion, as benefits cost to the federal government since majority of the employees are under the government’s retirement system has made the organization to pre-fund the retiree health benefits since it is expected to have over $ 8 Billion deficit and therefore has. In this regard, Canadian and other foreign employees are on the losing side since the U.S employees are expected to benefit from this (Globerman & Shapiro, 2003). Third, USPS has many high cost retail units. This poses a problem since the organization cannot close down these units due to U.S. federal bureaucracy that makes the process long, and the resistance by both local and foreign postal workers due to the threat of retrenchment. The organization therefore has resulted to biased closure of some retail units which affects its operation with

Relationship between Student Diet and Academic Performance

Relationship between Student Diet and Academic Performance 1.0  Ã‚   Introduction For many young adults joining university, it is a time of substantial change in social, economic and environmental surroundings.1 Currently, there is increasing advocacy for an emphasis on healthy lifestyle behaviours for student populations.2 Researchers have established that academic attainment plays a key role in an individual’s future health, wealth and social outcomes.3, 4 Providing this, academic achievement must be considered by public health decision makers aiming to improve health across the lifespan.5 A balanced and nutritious diet means it is adapted to special individual needs to reach optimal health, that is it supplies optimal levels of nutrients to maintain healthy function.6 Diet quality is a composite measure of scoring food patterns, with a focus on whole food intake.7 The objective is to maintain a high diet quality, through consuming the correct amounts of the food groups from relevant dietary guidelines. Assessment of dietary patterns can allow unfavourable intakes to be identified.8 Poor diet quality introduces nutritional inadequacies and is a significant predictor of poorer health status.9 While the connections between health and education are widely accepted, the mechanisms that contribute to this relationship remain poorly understood. Scholars propose that health behaviours contribute towards cognitive function and maintaining a productive work day.10, 11 The main goal for university students is academic attainment, yet despite this, a high proportion of students report engaging in poor health behaviours during the study period.12 Australian university students are consuming less than the recommended intake of fruit and vegetables, and have a high intake of convenience foods.12, 13 To ensure students are provided best opportunity for success, it is important to understand the determinants of academic performance. It is suggested that the type and variety of foods an individual consumes has an important influence on academic outcomes.14 Diet quality has an association with academic performance, though the isolated effects are yet to be fully explored.15 The scores gen erated may be able to determine areas that can be improved to increase academic performance. There are several variables which affect diet quality and this review will focus on four major themes which emerge repeatedly throughout the literature. These themes are: overall diet quality, eating patterns and behaviours, fruit and vegetable intake and convenience food intake. In order to understand how diet quality is linked to academic performance, the literature was searched for relevant articles released in the last ten years. An analysis of terms identified the key words of: â€Å"student†, â€Å"university student†, â€Å"diet quality†, â€Å"health behaviour†, â€Å"eating pattern†, â€Å"academic performance† and â€Å"academic achievement†. These were used across the electronic data bases of Cochrane library, Web of science, Pubmed, CINAHL and Scopus. Although preference was given to recent articles involving university students, the final search was expanded to incorporate sources of all years, as well as children and adolescent population groups. The aim of this review is to critique current literature between diet quality and university student academic performance. Furthermore, it will assess current measures of diet quality, and the significance of other factors that contribute towards overall diet quality. 2.0  Ã‚   Diet quality Diet is a key behavioral risk factor that can be modified to have an impact on health.16 Free living people consume whole foods, which contain both nutrient and non-nutrient substances.17 Dietary patterns have synergistic effects, which provide insights beyond the role of nutrients and single foods.18 For researchers, it can be difficult to quantify the diet, and any established values should only be used as an approximation. Diet quality is a composite measure of diet in its entirety, and involves the relationships between food groups.7, 8 This qualitative perspective is an alternative approach to provide more detailed dietary information. It can give an indication to the types of food people consume, and therefore where the nutrients are derived from. Diet quality encompasses the central areas of dietary variety, balance, adequacy, and moderation.19 These have been found to contribute to a nutritious diet and can give a greater understanding of dietary habits. Variety and balance involve the consumption of a range of options from the food groups, according to proportionality. Adequacy is attaining the recommended energy intakes to meet nutrient requirements, whilst moderation is regulating the intake of certain foods to prevent harmful effects on health (including convenience foods that are high in sugar and fat).20 It is widely recognised that a high quality diet should be safe, able to promote optimal development and reduce the risk of nutritional inadequacies.6, 21 Diet quality describes how well an individual’s diet conforms to dietary recommendations, and this differs according to country. Australia employs the ‘Eat for Health’ guidelines,6 which were developed through extensive research to provide information on the types and amounts of foods needed to promote health and wellbeing as well as reduce the risk of diet-related conditions. The food groups in the ‘Eat for health’ guidelines consist of: Vegetables and legumesFruitLean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds, legumes/beansGrain (cereal) foods, mostly wholegrain and/or high cereal fibre varietiesLow fat milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives, mostly reduced fat. 2.1 Measuring diet quality The main tools used to measure diet quality are surveys and questionnaires.19 These are useful for time management, easily sorting data, are relatively simple to design and can be used on a large sample. The questions developed should be well thought out, and it is also necessary to define serving sizes and how often foods are consumed (such as once weekly). The chosen tool needs to consider recall bias, and the respondent’s level of literacy skills. A number of dietary indices have been developed, tested and validated to reflect various aspects of diet quality.7, 17 They are based on existing knowledge of optimal dietary patterns and provide a clear nutritional benchmark. The indices vary in design from simple tools measuring adherence to dietary recommendations, to intricate analyses of macronutrient and micronutrient intakes. The main diet quality indices have scored food patterns in terms of alignment with key dietary recommendations and diversity of healthy choices within core food groups.7 Food-based indices of diet quality are important, as they retain the complexity of foods and permit assessments of single, as well as grouped nutrient components. The dietary indices which are best translated to the Australian guidelines are the Diet Quality Index International (DGI-I), Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the Dietary Guideline Index (DGI). These are all validated tools and are useful in various population groups.17 The indices have separate nutritional components which are combined into a single ‘overall diet quality’ score. This incorporates cut-off values or ranges for the food groups and selected dietary variables (considered to be representative of healthy eating). The DQI-I was derived from the original Diet Quality Index, and provides an effective means of cross-national comparative work for global understanding of diet quality.22 The DQI-I provides a ‘priori’ analysis (predetermined what is ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’), as it incorporates both nutrient and food perspectives of the diet. The index is validated in both China and the United States, and so reflects a cross-section of cultural attributes.22 It is an in-depth measure which investigates multiple variables and gives a broad picture of diet quality. The DQI uses ranges to find more associations which broadens the information gathered and strengthens the validity of the results.23 The four aspects of a healthy diet comprise the four main categories of the DQI-I. Firstly, there are two variety components, which include the servings across food groups and the diversity within them. The adequacy components use eight food types, and indicates areas in the diet which may need to be improved, and moderation highlights areas that should be decreased (total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, food types with empty calories). The balance component involves calculating the macronutrient ratio and fatty acid ratio. The scores for all four categories are summed, resulting in the total DQI-I score, ranging from 0 to 100 (the higher the score, the higher the diet quality).22 The HEI has been used in several studies that evaluate food consumption. It was originally based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, but has been adapted to other areas.24 It is similar to the DQI, with the addition of total fruit and whole fruit, plant proteins and seafood, and the moderation component includes refined grains.   Food group servings are evaluated on a per-thousand-calorie basis. The scores are calculated proportionally between 0 and 10, according to how well a food group recommendation is achieved.25 The main strength of the HEI is that it assesses diets on a given energy intake level, to characterise diet quality while controlling for diet quantity. The DGI was developed and predefined to the Australian Dietary Guidelines with an adherence to specific aspects of a healthful diet.26 However, it does not account for all aspects of diet quality, and could be beneficial if combined with other measures. The DGI consists of fifteen food components using standard adult portion sizes and the score calculation is based on regular consumption of food frequency questionnaire items. Each component contributed 0 to 10 points, where 10 indicated an optimal diet intake (meeting the recommended serves per week). The total DGI score is the sum of the thirteen items, indicating a maximum possible score of 130.27 Selecting a dietary index remains a complex matter with a large degree of subjectivity. It is important to consider whether the index is adaptable to the chosen dietary guidelines and that it fits within the constraints of the study. The specific context in which they are used should be noted when interpreting results and making comparisons. The main limitation of dietary indices is that there is no universal dietary guidelines representative of a healthful diet.7 The tools used need to consistently be revised if they are to truly reflect the latest nutrition science and policy. 3.0  Ã‚   University Students University academic performance is measured through grade point average, which incorporates the scores from all subjects during a study period.10 Identifying the factors that contribute towards academic performance has clear implications for university students. Diet quality is a health behaviour that may improve a student’s chances of furthering their academic career.15 The rate of enrolment for Australian universities is continuing to grow, with a large percentage being young adults (18 – 34 years old).28 A high proportion of students have an increase in independency, an altered support system and are perceived to be time poor.29 University can be a highly stressful environment, where health behaviours change (health may not be a high priority).1, 30 Amongst this group, there is an increased level of socio-economic disadvantage associated with the prevailing issues of food insecurity.28 This may be related to limited resources to source and prepare healthy foods, wher e individual diets decline in quality due to food insecurity.31 Food choice for university students can be influenced by their environment and can include the primary factors of: affordability, accessibility, peer influence and nutrition knowledge.32 Very few young Australians are following the dietary guidelines of consuming from the five food groups and are generally below recommended levels for fruit and vegetable serves.13 Approximately one-tenth are meeting the daily recommended serves of vegetables, and one-third are meeting recommended daily fruit serves.12 These health determinants mean that the diets of university students are quite poor and may be at risk of nutritional inadequacies. This is an issue, as it has been shown that being undernourished negatively effects academic outcomes.31 As the quality of food and drinks consumed have a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of individuals, better nutrition has a potential to improve public health outcomes. Performance management is always a concern for university administration bodies as they aim to provide the best environment for student growth and wellbeing. The food environment of a university campus should encourage students to adopt a 30healthful eating pattern.15 An institution is an effective setting for intervention, as it has the structure to bring together multiple strategies to a large group of people. A higher level of education can positively affect future health and employment opportunities.3 The development of healthy behaviors that can be continued during a student’s professional life should be strongly supported during tertiary education. 4.0  Ã‚   Diet quality and academic performance There is increasing evidence that nutrition behaviours have an influence on academic performance, which in turn influences future successes.33, 34 The aim of this review is to evaluate the association between dietary quality and academic performance in university students. However, there is a limited amount of literature related to the population group of university students, which is why much of the following research relates to children and adolescents (school-aged students). Current research has established a relationship between overall diet quality and student academic achievement.14, 35-39 Nutrition and health status have a complex and multifaceted effect on cognitive function.40 It has been identified that moderate associations exist between several aspects of diet quality and student performance.14, 34, 36, 38, 39, 41-43 There are a number of factors which have a direct effect on diet quality, and therefore have been included in this review. They include a person’s habitual eating patterns, fruit and vegetable intake, and convenience food (as well as take-away food) intake. The reviewed studies compared a variety of health behaviours to determine which are most significant to student outcomes. The majority reported statistically significant outcomes between diet and academic performance, which is likely a result of the relatively large numbers of participants. The results concerning dietary components strengthened the concept that diet quality has an influence on academic performance. All included research was adjusted for the modifiable and non-modifiable factors which affect student academic performance. The studies acknowledge that the health behaviours relating to academic work are multifactorial, and involve several influencing variables.    It should be noted there were some common limitations amongst the reviewed studies. The majority of the studies were cross-sectional in design, and were not able to determine an independent association between diet quality and academic achievement. This impedes any inferences that can be made about causality. It was important that authors controlled for significant confounding factors, including attendance, economic status, social support and family background. The nature of these studies left open the possibility that other intervening variables may have been related to the observed pattern of results. 4.1 Overall diet quality Overall diet quality was found to be associated with student academic performance. Across all studies, dietary habits that were in accordance with guidelines were related to better student outcomes.14, 33, 35, 37, 39, 44-46 Furthermore, an improvement in overall diet quality score increased likelihood of an improved academic performance. Students with a high intake of ‘high quality’ nutrient-dense foods, and a low intake of ‘low quality’ nutrient poor foods, had increased odds of a favorable school performance.44 The strongest outcome would be achieved through the combined effects of meeting multiple dietary recommendations. When controlling for the key health behaviors of physical activity and weight status, diet quality was a leading contributor to academic performance.45, 47, 48 Emerging evidence indicates that diet quality may have the strongest correlation to high academic achievement, though this warrants further research. The study by Florence et al.14 on school aged Canadian children found an independent association between diet quality attributes and academic achievement. Furthermore, dietary adequacy and variety were identified as specific components of diet quality which influence academic performance. These outcomes reflect the value of consuming a diverse range of foods from the core food groups. The studies with the best depth in information conducted a full assessment of diet quality, and used a validated tool. It is difficult to make sound comparisons when studies do not use similar diet quality parameters and scoring systems. Different cultures have a diverse range of cuisines which means they differ in how diet quality scores were measured. There were also vast variations in the reporting time period for the outcome measures for frequency of food consumption and academic achievement. Poor nutritional intakes do not meet macronutrient and micronutrient requirements, and this can impede on a person’s health status. Diet quality has been shown to be important for health and wellbeing, and may be beneficial to concentration and productivity levels.37 The consistency of this association across various indicators of diet quality gives emphasis to the importance of nutrition. An improvement in diet quality may be linked to enhanced learning and outcomes beneficial to students and institutions. 4.2 Eating patterns and behaviours Specific eating patterns have an influence on academic performance, as they contribute to the overall balance of a diet. It was found that adhering to a ‘healthy’ Mediterranean style diet pattern (high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fish and olive oil), as well as regularly consuming three meals per day, were positively associated with academic outcomes.37, 49-52 There is evidence that suggests habitual breakfast intake, compared to a period of fasting, is moderately related with an improved school performance.50, 53-59 Through a regular eating pattern, a person is more likely to consume the recommended serves from the core food groups, which contributes to an enhanced nutritional status. Eating behaviours influence the quality of a person’s diet, and generally account for whether a person is consciously controlling what they eat. In the studies regarding university students, eating patterns described uncontrolled eating (food consumption is attached to emotions) or cognitive restriction (highly controlling food intake). Overall, the results indicate that lower levels of uncontrolled or emotional eating is associated with a higher grade point average.34 Students reporting to be strict dieters, with a high amount of restrictive practices, were found to have a lower grade point average.15 On the other hand, the use of more ‘flexible’ cognitive restriction, which still involves self-regulation of food intake, but has allowances for all types of foods, may have the best indication to improving academic achievement.34 Additionally, frequency of alcohol consumption is found to be negatively associated with self-reported attendance, motivation and academic performance.15 If students were found to be in the alcohol dependent criteria, they had an excess risk of failing during the study period.60 High alcohol intakes are correlated with other adverse health behaviours, such as sleep deprivation and an increase in discretionary food consumption.11 4.3 Fruit and vegetable intake A higher fruit and vegetable intake is another aspect of diet quality which has a positive relationship with academic performance. When the self-reported daily intake of fruit and vegetables increased, there was a relatable increase in student grade point averages.10, 33, 36, 37, 39, 41, 52, 61-64 The main message is that an adequate fruit and vegetable intake is beneficial to health, and a vital component to good diet quality. Although, results in this area are inconsistent, with a small number of studies reporting no association between consumption of fruit and vegetables and academic performance.65-67 This may be attributed to their study design, as these may have lacked sufficient power to detect certain effects. It was difficult to detect differences between students when a large proportion did not meet the initial recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption. 4.4 Convenience foods An increased consumption of convenience or ‘take-away’ foods and beverages has a strong link to poorer academic performance. There were consistent results amongst all studies which measured these associations, as well as across all age groups. 33, 37, 39, 41, 47, 52, 65, 68-73   Convenience foods are highly refined, and generally rich in salt, simple sugars or saturated fats, and included: sugar sweetened beverages, confectionary items and fried foods37.Serve sizes and options for convenience and take-away foods differed between studies, and thus interpretations may be difficult to generalise. Students who frequently consumed convenience snacks were less likely to pass standardised tests, in comparison with those who consumed healthier options.69 Poor dietary habits are shown to be a significant predictor of health and weight status, which contribute towards school performance.52 Even a moderate reduction in convenience food intake may lessen the negative influence it has on academic performance.   Current recommendations advise that discretionary foods should only be included in a diet once the other food group recommendations are met, to ensure that a high proportion of a person’s energy intake is comprised of nutritious sources.6 They should only be considered in the diet in moderation, with the consumption of foods from the core food groups being the priority.   5.0  Ã‚   Conclusion The findings from this review indicate that there is a positive association between diet quality and student academic performance. Furthermore, some evidence suggests that this is a dose-response relationship, as the higher the diet quality score, the higher the effect on academic outcomes. Diet quality and variety involve food groups and how a dietary pattern aligns with national recommendations. Several variables which impact on diet quality were investigated and shown to also be associated with academic performance. A number of gaps in the literature have been identified throughout this review. Research in this area is still developing, and there are limitations of the published research investigating the relationship between diet and academic outcomes. It is yet to be determined what specific aspects of diet quality have the greatest effect on student performance. Further investigation is needed to establish if the components of overall diet quality, variety, adequacy, balance and moderation have an independent relationship with academic performance. Longitudinal research is necessary to compare these associations over time. Public health investigations should consider whether interventions aiming at promoting healthy dietary behaviours could have a positive impact on academic performance. To date, there have been no studies regarding diet quality and academic performance at Australian universities. It is unknown how dietary intake influences a university student population group, as their stage in life and lifestyle differs from other student populations. Implications from this research support the broader implementation of effective university nutrition programs that aim to improve student’s diet quality, academic performance, and, in the long term, their health. They highlight the importance of promoting good dietary patterns, especially increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, whilst decreasing convenience food intake. The cumulative effect of dietary behaviours on academic performance emphasise the importance of an improved university environment. 6.0  Ã‚   References 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ruthig JC, Marrone S, Hladkyj S, Robinson-Epp N. Changes in college student health: Implications for academic performance. J Coll Stud Dev. 2011; 52: 307-20. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Basch CE. Healthier Students Are Better Learners: A Missing Link in School Reforms to Close the Achievement Gap. J Sch Health. 2011; 81: 593-98. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brunello G, Fort M, Schneeweis N, Winter-Ebmer R. The Causal Effect of Education on Health: What is the Role of Health Behaviors? Health Econ. 2016; 25: 314-36. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ross CE, Chia-Ling W. The links between education and health. American Sociological Review. 1995; 60: 719-45. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Li J, Powdthavee N. Does more education lead to better health habits? 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