Noli Me Tangere

Chapter 1 Captain Tiago had arranged a grand dinner. Many guests come, most of them uninvited. Before the evening meal, people talk among themselves and discuss different issues of interest. In this chapter begins Friar Damaso’s frantic endeavors to prevent Maria Clara’s marriage to Crisostomo Ibarra. He tells Captain Tiago not to go through with the prearranged wedding. Here we find a more detailed and colorful description of Captain Tiago’s sycophancy to the church and its leaders. By means of   the conversation between Friar Sibyla and the ill Dominican priest, Rizal further explains the enmity between Ibarra and Friar Damaso.This chapter does not explain the reason for the gathering. Only in the  succeeding  pages are we told that the dinner was in fact offered in honor of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra’s  return  from Europe. This chapter serves to introduce most of Rizal’s main characters, those that play consequential roles throughout the b ook: Captain Tiago, Friar Damaso, Lt. Guevarra, and Dona Victorina. The gathering was held at the close of October, a few days before All Souls’ Day. Rizal exposed the true character of Friar Damaso early on, how he was vile and cruel and had no regard for the rights and feelings of others whenever he opened his mouth.The comical character of Dona Victorina as portrayed in this chapter, was inspired by a close relative of Rizal, scholars say. Chapter 2 Captain Tiago introduces Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, whose clothes clearly depicted he was in grief. Ibarra is the main character in the story, who has just returned to the Philippines from Europe. Crisostomo warmly greets Friar Damaso who has a good friend of his father, Don Rafael, however the friar denies the existence of this close relationship. Lt. Guevarra approaches Ibarra and welcomes him, adding, â€Å"I hope your fate will be much better than your father’s. When Juan Crisostomo Ibarra arrives at the dinner with Ca ptain Tiago, everyone is shocked. This clearly shows that none of the guests knew the reason for the gathering. In this chapter, Rizal begins the long and consequential battle between Crisostomo Ibarra and Friar Damaso. Ibarra had clearly not expected the friar to greet him so coldly. Crisostomo Ibarra had spent seven years in Europe. He had no idea of the many events that had transpired in his country while he was away. Chapter 3 The guests gather at the dining table. Friar Damaso and Friar Sibyla both rush for the seat at the head of the table.The rest of the seats are occupied, and Crisostomo Ibarra notices Captain Tiago is not seated in any of them. Ibarra offers the Captain his seat, but the latter refuses. This is the time Ibarra realizes that the dinner was in fact arranged in   his honor. Friar Damaso is enraged when Ibarra is served the meaty part of the chicken at dinner, while his was the skinny neck. Soon after, Ibarra leaves the scene without waiting for the arrival o f his love interest, Maria Clara. Friar Damaso is no longer the parish priest of the town of San Diego, but is present at the dinner because he is the confessor of the Captain’s late wife. Chapter 4Crisostomo Ibarra is out for a walk. He notices that there has been practically no change in his town since he left for Europe. Lt. Guevarra joins him shortly, and reminds him again to be careful. Only then does Ibarra find out about his father’s tragic death. In this chapter, Ibarra realizes the reason for Friar Damaso’s cold treatment of him back at the house of Captain Tiago. Then again, even Lt. Guevarra cannot find any reason why the friar would hold a grudge against Don Rafael. The first few paragraphs in this chapter vividly describe Ibarra’s disappointment on the town’s lack of progress while he was away in Europe.Chapter 5 Crisostomo Ibarra settles in Fonda de Lala and appreciates from a distance the lively singing and noise around Captain Tiago ’s house, which could be seen from the hotel window. His ruminates about his poor father’s death, and how life must have been extremely excruciating for him in prison. Meanwhile, at the Captain’s house, Maria Clara arrives. Friar Damaso shows great appreciation for the lady. Also introduced in this chapter is a new character, that of a young Franciscan friar by the name of Salvi, parish priest of the town of San Diego.Most likely Friar Salvi arrived late and so was not able to join the rest of the guests for supper. In order to get a view of this friar’s consequential role in the story, put considerable attention on how Rizal describes his character in this chapter. Chapter 6 Captain Tiago and his wife, Dona Pia, have been childless for years. After consulting Friar Damaso of their predicament, the priest advised them to attend holy mass at the town of Ubando. Shortly after, Pia was with child. However, she had become sickly and troubled for the entire du ration of her pregnancy. She died after giving birth to a daughter, Maria Clara.The child was raised by Isabel, Tiago’s sister. Friar Damaso became her godfather when she was christened. Maria Clara and Crisostomo Ibarra became childhood friends. In the long introduction of this chapter, Rizal addresses various superstitious beliefs in the church as well as several rotten methods in the government during that time. The name of Captain Tiago — Santiago de los Santos — connotes that Rizal intends to use his character to discuss matters of religion. The cause of Dona Pia’s death is intentionally not narrated by detail so as to provoke the readers’ thoughts.Her sickly and tortured state during the pregnancy was actually on account of the guilt she bore of having a child out of adultery. Maria Clara’s biological father is not Captain Tiago, but Friar Damaso. Captain Tiago and Don Rafael had agreed that Maria Clara and Crisostomo Ibarra would one day be married, and that the two men would engage in business together for the sake of both their children. Chapter 7 Crisostomo Ibarra finally finds time to have a private talk with Maria Clara at the azotea of Captain Tiago’s house. This is their first time to meet personally in seven years.They exchange thoughts, and prove to each other that neither of then had forgotten their love. The long descriptions in this chapter should be given considerable importance. They are very clear and poetic. The most important element of this chapter is Ibarra’s letter to Maria Clara, which the latter had kept safely though the passing years. Rizal also depicts Maria Clara’s playful character. She is not like other Filipino women who are overly shy and refined. Chapter 8 From Captain Tiago’s house, after a heartwarming conversation with Maria Clara, Ibarra continues on his way to the town of San Diego.In all of the places he passes through he notices no change in them since he left seven years ago. This is a chapter that describes the country’s lack of progress during those days. Rizal allows the reader to concretely visualize the scenes and looks of the native towns, and is actually one of his greatest contributions to the history and heritage of Manila. There are a lot of passages in this chapter, that abstractly define the principles to be lived by in the ancient day and age, as well as in today’s modern times. Chapter 9 Crisostomo Ibarra comes across the carriage carrying Friar Damaso.Along the way the priest also bumps into Maria Clara and her Aunt Isabel, who were headed to the nunnery to fetch the maiden’s things. Friar Damaso tells Captain Tiago something of utmost importance. Meanwhile, in Intramuros, Friar Sibyla is deep in conversation with an old Dominican priest inflicted with a serious  illness. In this chapter begins Friar Damaso’s frantic endeavors to prevent Maria Clara’s marriage to Crisostom o Ibarra. He tells Captain Tiago not to go through with the prearranged wedding. Here we find a more detailed and colorful description of Captain Tiago’s sycophancy to the church and its leaders.By means of   the conversation between Friar Sibyla and the ill Dominican priest, Rizal further explains the enmity between Ibarra and Friar Damaso. Chapter 10 This chapter describes in detail the town of San Diego. It also goes deeper into the roots of the main antagonist, Crisostomo Ibarra. San Diego is a fictional name. No town existed by that name in the Philippines the time the Noli was written. San Diego may be assumed to be a town situated beside Laguna Lake, since it was along this lake that Elias and Ibarra were chased by the civil guards after having narrowly escaped from prison.We may note that there is always only one descendant in every generation of Ibarra’s clan. All the towns, when they are still developing and building their foundations, have Filipinos for pr iests. Once they reach maturity and achieve progress, Spanish friars take over. Chapter 11 This chapter describes the powerful people in the town of San Diego. Here are the characters that may be said to be in positions of power: (1)  Ã‚   Don Rafael Ibarra (2)  Ã‚   Captain Tiago (3)  Ã‚   The town captain (4)  Ã‚   Friar Salvi (5)  Ã‚   The sacristan mayor (6)  Ã‚   The alferez (7)  Ã‚   Dona Consolacion Chapter 12Burial practices and rituals in the town of San Diego are described in detail. There is also a very long conversation between a gravedigger and Tasyo the Philosopher. In this chapter Rizal introduces yet another consequential character — Tasyo the Philosopher. The reader is conditioned to detest the gruesome and cruel disrespect on the grave of Don Rafael through the exchange of ideas of the two men in the story. Chapter 13 Ibarra visits his late father’s grave. He finds out from the gravedigger that the parish priest had ordered to dig up his father’s remains, which were subsequently thrown into the river. Ibarra leaves, furious.On his way he meets Friar Salvi, the head priest, at whom he shoots verbal attacks and forces to kneel before him for disrespecting Don Rafael’s grave. The priest eventually admits that it was not him but the parish priest before him, Friar Damaso, who was responsible for the shameful act. Chapter 14 Tasyo the Philosopher wandered aimlessly from the cemetery. He had had a  talk  with the town captain, whom he bombarded with superstitious  teachings  of  religion. He had also met the two brothers, Basilio and Crispin, who could not go back home after the sacristan mayor denied   them the freedom to leave the cathedral before eight in the evening.On his way Tasyo passed by  the home  of Don Felipo, whom the latter shared with his wife Doray. Both men discussed the issue of purgatory. Tasyo the Philosopher is one of the most consequential and immortal characters create d in the history of Philippine literature. Don Felipo is also one of the most-loved characters of the Noli. He had great respect and high regard for the old philosopher. That time there was an impending storm. Chapter 15 Despite the storm, the two sacristan brothers Basilio and Crispin had to go up the bell tower of   the cathedral to ring the bells at eight in the evening.Both boys talk about the parish priest’s lost silver. Crispin, the younger one, was blamed for having allegedly stolen the money. The boy was tortured by the priest and the sacristan mayor. Basilio luckily escaped. It is obvious in the way the two boys conversed in this chapter that they were thinking quite maturely for their age. Chapter 16 Sisa patiently waited for her two boys to come home. She had already prepared supper. But instead of Basilio and Crispin it was her husband, a drunkard and a gambler, who walked through the door. He ate all the food, leaving nothing for his sons.He went on a rampage, and left telling his wife that if the boys ever brought home some money she should leave some for him. Minutes later Basilio arrived, out of breath and  bleeding. This chapter is one of the most emotionally stirring in the entire book. Here Rizal clearly differentiates the poor from the rich characters presented in â€Å"All Souls. † At this point in the story, we read about the friars practically hoarding for their own personal indulgence, money that could have benefited two poor boys whose father had left to fend for them. Sisa and her two sons live in a small hut outside town, close to where Tasyo the Philosopher  lives.Chapter 17 Basilio, drenched in blood, falls into his mother’s arms. He tells his mother that Crispin, his little brother, was left at the convent by order of the sacristan mayor. Neither of them had supper. Basilio dozed off and dreamed that the priest and the sacristan mayor had killed Crispin. Sisa is a loving mother, but Rizal describes her w ith a tone of pity for her lack of insight on her sons’ way of life. Basilio is roughly ten years old, and Crispin is seven. However, despite their young age, their characters are shown to have innate wisdom.Basilio tells his mother that Crispin was accused of stealing the friar’s money, but left out the part about the torture. Basilio feels great disappointment, if not hate, for his drunkard father who had no sense of responsibility. Chapter 18 The day sparks up with rumors that Friar Salvi is ill. It is All Souls’ Day, and the streets are filled with people talking about plenary indulgence and all other religious practices and beliefs relating to the holiday. Sisa makes her way to the convent to fetch her son Crispin. She is told that the boy is not there; that the little thief had stolen even more from them, and then made a run for it.Sisa breaks down in tears. In this chapter, Rizal points out yet again all of the many irrational and superstitious practices that consume as if devouring the event of All Souls. It can be sensed in the writing that the author keeps a tenuous thread of indignation while describing all of it in detail. That morning, almost everyone notices Friar Salvi’s bizarre behavior. Chapter 19 The teacher in the town of San Diego accompanies Ibarra to the place where Don Rafael’s body was found, and there Ibarra pays respects to the memory of his father. The schoolteacher mentions to Crisostomo the great help the late.Don Rafael gave in enlivening children’s education in San Diego. The story moves Ibarra, and so he decides to build a school for the kids. This, he says, will do great honor and justice to the memory of his father. The school teacher is one of the six people who attended Don Rafael’s burial. Chapter 20 From the riverside, Ibarra makes his way to the town hall. There people are deciding on the type of celebrations that must be held and organized during the town feast. The older citizens are inclined to having a grand and cheerful celebration.The youth, with the leadership of Don Felipo, are against it. This is one of the most beautiful chapters of the Noli, which discusses one very serious social problem, not only in the old days but also up to the present — feasts. It can be observed that the foul practice of writing on walls has not changed. (Refer to the first paragraph). The captain, before joining in the meeting, has a brief talk with Friar Salvi. It was eleven days before the feast, which was on the 12th of December. Captain Basilio was Don Rafael’s rival in terms of wealth and fortune. Chapter 21 Sisa runs all the way home.She wants desperately to save and protect her sons from the danger that she feels is coming. She comes across the civil guards and finds out   that Crispin was nowhere to be found, and that Basilio had escaped. The guards command Sisa to bring out the friar’s money which his sons had stolen. When she cannot produce it they arrest her. Sisa nearly dies of shame from the piercing stares of the people as she is dragged across town. The alferez eventually releases her, and she goes searching for her lost sons. Still no sign of them. Sisa becomes insane. It was not the alferez but the sergeant who ordered Sisa’s arrest.The mother who loses her sanity looking for her lost sons was created by Rizal from a real-life  character. Sisa’s husband was an upright man in the beginning. He started to become vile and cruel when he became cabeza. Chapter 22 The following days are spent preparing for the town feast. News spreads fast that Maria Clara will grace the celebration with her presence, and everyone is excited to catch a glimpse of the beautiful young maiden. Even Friar Salvi, withdrawn as he is, has changed noticeably since her arrival. Crisostomo Ibarra is away for the last few days visiting the capital.Rumor has it that he is held in prison for attacking the Friar Salvi on All Souls. When Crisostomo and Maria Clara finally have a moment to talk, they agree to have a picnic in the forest owned by the Ibarras. The maiden does not want to invite Friar Salvi, but Crisostomo insists that they could not avoid the priest’s attendance. To be rid of whatever animosity there is between them, Ibarra and Friar Salvi even have a brief talk. On his way home, Crisostomo is approached by Sisa and her husband who are seeking his help. Remember that unlike Crisostomo Ibarra, Maria Clara did not grow up in San Diego.She is only spending some days there on vacation, but lives with Captain Tiago in Binondo. It was November. Chapter 23 It was the day of the picnic. Early in the morning they go on a boat ride across the lake, headed for the forest. Everyone is enjoying the fun and excitement; only the boat driver, Elias, remains silent. As requested, Maria Clara sings a patriotic melody. This stirs the emotions of everyone there, but most especially kindles sadness in t he hearts of Elias and Ibarra. The lake is not a good place for fishing; the crocodile had frightened all the fish away.Elias tries to get rid of the beast but when it nearly kills him, Crisostomo leaps off the boat and takes on the monster, saving Elias’s life. The forest (the intended campsite) is located beside the lake. The playful nature of the young men during that time is clearly described in this chapter. It is most helpful to remember the young men who join in this picnic to more easily understand the coming revolt in response to the charges against Ibarra. Chapter 24 Friar Salvi goes through the mass hurriedly in order to join in the picnic, as Ibarra had invited him.When he arrives he secretly follows the ladies around as they look for a certain bird’s nest. He then proceeds to the picnic area where the fun is. In the middle of all the colorful amusement, the civil guards arrive in search of Elias. Although they are unable to capture the man, the commotion t hey brought with them ends the picnic prematurely. Rizal’s knowledge and interest in botany and zoology are evident in this chapter. Almost all the highly respected and â€Å"honorable† people of San Diego are invited in the picnic, including the alferez and coadjutor. Elias is not from the town of San Diego. He only arrived a few days before.Chapter 25 The day after the picnic Ibarra visits the home Tasyo the Philosopher. They talk about a variety of things — language, history, geography, and nature. They also talk about Elias and how the picnic went the day before. Ibarra learns that it was Dona Consolacion, the â€Å"muse of the civil guards,† who ordered Elias’s arrest. Crisostomo tells the old man the reason for his visit — to ask for advice regarding his plans of building a schoolhouse. Tasyo responds by telling Ibarra that he had come to the wrong person; that he should rather consult Friar Salvi, the captain, and all the other men in office.Asking for their advice, Tasyo says, does not necessarily mean that Ibarra has to follow them, only that the latter must make it seem like he has high regard for their opinion on the matter. Tasyo further advises him to keep his head down among the friars. Tasyo’s house looks almost like a library with all his many books. This chapter has great substance. In contrast to others, where Rizal humorously describes and points out the foolishness of the characters, this one has wisdom as its dominant theme. Here we read about Rizal’s hope of educating his race in the days to come. Chapter 26 Everyone is getting ready for the town fiesta.The streets are bedazzled with colorful buntings, the band is playing the grandest music, and all the kitchens are busy. Crisostomo Ibarra is busy working out the plans for the new schoolhouse. His architect, Nol Juan, observes the unique rafter that will be used to put down the cornerstone. A man with yellowish skin is in charge of b uilding the contraption. Many women and children help out in the project. Even those that are formerly considered â€Å"enemies of the town† extended a hand. Crisostomo Ibarra becomes the role model of the children — the person they would want to become when they grow up.Ibarra reports to Tasyo the Philosopher the obvious success of his new project. The sage in return responds, â€Å"If you are greeted with smiles, be more watchful of enemies hiding in the shadows†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Philippine fiestas are for everyone’s enjoyment, friend and foe, rich and poor. This chapter describes in detail how the fiesta is a great opportunity to showcase art, sculptures, tapestries, and many more. Rizal also exhibits in this chapter the Filipinos’ inherent love for music. The rafter holding the cornerstone, and the yellowish man who is building it, are vital to the story. Their purpose in the story can be read in the succeeding chapters.Chapter 27 Word spreads fast acros s Manila about Ibarra’s noble work. Inspired by this, Captain Tiago decides that he wants to put up a convent, financed by him personally. Maria Clara asks permission to go out with her girlfriends and Ibarra. Captain Tiago reminds her to come home early because Friar Damaso will be joining them for supper. Along the way they meet an old leper. Out of pity, Maria Clara gives to the leper her scapular as a gift. The scapular and the leper are one of the elements of the Noli that connect it to the El Fili. Leprosy before was believed to be an incurable disease.Rizal refutes this in his second book, El Filibusterismo, when Basilio cures the leper who, as payment, gives the young doctor Maria Clara’s scapular. Developments in science and medicine today prove that Rizal is indeed correct. Chapter 28 A news reporter describes in the papers how the feast in San Diego was grand, fanciful, and unparalleled. Maria Clara writes to Ibarra, worried because she didn’t see him all afternoon. The rumors of him being sick leaves her extremely troubled. She asks that he visit her the following day. This chapter narrates events through the use of letters exchanged by the characters.It can be observed from the reporter’s writing that he injects his own opinions into the news. Chapter 29 The day of the fiesta starts with the sound of gongs and fireworks. Everyone is dressed at his or her best, with all the ornaments, trimmings, and frills — everyone, that is, except Tasyo the Philosopher. All the people are excited to hear mass, curious to know what Friar Damaso’s sermon will be about. In this chapter Rizal discusses the reason for the christening of the Chinese. This is somewhat related to their endeavors at acquiring Filipino citizenship: It’s all about business.Rizal further describes many more observations regarding religious celebrations in the Philippines, especially in the point of view of the church. Chapter 30 The cathedral is fully-packed with churchgoers. Tasyo the Philosopher argues with the maestro regarding the generous amount of money that Friar Damaso receives for delivering his sermon. The mayor is late, and the mass does not start until after he arrives. Meanwhile, Maria Clara is seated near the altar; there isn’t much people around where she sits because this has been arranged for her by the sacristans as ordered by Friar Salvi.Ibarra situates himself in one corner. The sermon finally starts, and Friar Damaso takes his place in the pulpit. He signals to another priest within his line of sight; this priest dictates the friar’s sermon to him. In this chapter Rizal points out a number of things about the church: (a) the holy water, (b) the huge attendance, (c) monetary compensation for the priest in charge of the sermon, (d) the joining in of children too young to understand the service, (e) the late arrival of some people whose attendance is being waited on, and (f) self-inflicti on of pain as a form of penitence in order to acquire indulgences.Chapter 31 Friar Damaso starts the sermon in Spanish. When the priest makes a certain gesture in the middle his speech, the sacristan thinks that like Friar Salvi, Damaso wants to go on with the sermon in closed doors. After the sacristan shuts the church entrance, it becomes so much hotter inside. As Friar Damaso proceeds with the sermon he goes on to make insinuations about Ibarra, whom he sees seated in one corner. The priest’s dictator becomes lost in his reading, since there are no notes written there regarding such vile accusations against the youth.When time comes to start the second part of the sermon, which is in Tagalog, Damaso does not conduct it very well, thinking that none of the natives understand proper rhetoric. The friar overhears a student in the crowd remark that the priest is probably speaking Greek, and Damaso becomes furious. This ends in a heated argument after the mass. Elias approaches Ibarra right after the sermon ends and whispers, â€Å"During the blessing, do not depart from where the parish priest (Friar Salvi) stands; do not descend down the excavation; do not approach the cornerstone — it is a matter of life and death. This is one of the chapters that contain a number of edited and deleted scenes and lines in other translations of the Noli. The sermon is commonly not given due attention and interest. When this part of the mass starts most of the men head for the exit. However in this chapter, Rizal describes Friar Damaso’s sermon in a rather amusing way. It is obvious that the priest makes no sense whatsoever, ending a statement without making a point, connecting sentences and phrases that have no relation to each other, and the entirety of the sermon lacking focus on the theme at hand.The sermon has two parts: the first one is in Spanish, and the second in Tagalog. Friar Damaso only prepares for the first part, which unfortunately also turn s into a disaster when he inserts insinuating comments about Ibarra. Chapter 32 Nol Juan commends the great workmanship done by the yellowish man on the pulley. When asked where he learned such skills, the youth replies that he was taught by his father who learned it from a Don Saturnino. He then smiles meaningfully. Elias, disguised as a local farmer, observes that the yellowish man is seemingly restless and apprehensive as he holds onto the rope of the pulley bearing the cornerstone.Elias positions himself beside the man in anticipation, and winks at Ibarra to remind the youth of the warning the former gave to him earlier during the mass. Later when Ibarra descends to the excavation, the beam of the pulley suddenly breaks, letting loose the cornerstone which crushes the yellowish man to death, but leaves Ibarra unharmed. â€Å"An unfortunate beginning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tasyo the Philosopher remarks. The yellowish man is most likely suffering from malaria, which was a common disease d uring those days, or a disorder of the liver. Chapter 33 Ibarra heads home to change. Elias arrives. You saved my life before, and now I have returned the favor. There is no need for you to thank me, Sir,† the man says to Ibarra. He goes on to remind him not to hint to those people in power   the warning that Elias gave him earlier in the church. Elias explains that it would be better for Ibarra if his enemies thought he wasn’t ready. Ibarra is stunned; he had no idea he had enemies. â€Å"We all have enemies,† says Elias. â€Å"Disagreement is a part of life. †Ã‚  Elias then confesses to have jumped the yellowish man into the excavation the moment the latter tried to make a run for it.The character of Elias reveals more depth in this chapter. It can be said that he is no ordinary man, but a philosopher. Chapter 34 Ibarra returns to the schoolhouse. He and the mayor are seated on either side of the long table at dinner. Also in  attendance  are Capta in Tiago, the alferez, and the town captain. Captain Tiago receives a  telegram, informing him that the captain general will be visiting his house. Tiago excuses himself right away. The guests observe that Friar Damaso is not in  attendance. Talk eventually centers on the priest’s  sermon  during the mass.Only Friar Salvi remains silent and motionless in his seat. When Damaso finally arrives, the dinner is just about finished. The priest starts declaring insults with the intention of enraging and provoking Ibarra, but the youth remains prudent the entire time. However, when Damaso starts mocking the name of Don Rafael, Ibarra loses his composure and lunges at the priest,  holding  a knife to his throat. Maria Clara stops Ibarra before he could do further harm to the friar, causing the youth to drop the knife and leave the room in haste.The captain general is liberal, and based on the way Rizal introduces him in this chapter, it can be said that he is an honorable man. Chapter 35 News spreads about Ibarra and Friar Damaso’s eventful encounter. There are even rumors claiming that the friar is already dead. There are those who praise Ibarra, like Don Felipo, and those who find fault in the youth’s lack of prudence, like the town captain. Most of the mothers talk among themselves, assured that Ibarra’s soul is surely condemned to burn in hell after what he did to a man of God. There are other women, too, who are on his side.Most of the townspeople think that not only will Ibarra be excommunicated, he is also bound to be labeled a filibuster. Rizal makes use of the characters’ comments on the incident that happened the night before in order to clearly and creatively discuss the focus of this chapter. Chapter 36 Ibarra is excommunicated, as punishment for his cruel and shameful treatment of Friar Damaso. Maria Clara breaks down in tears, and Captain Tiago visits her in the convent. There, Damaso makes clear to Tiago tha t the planned marriage between Ibarra and Maria Clara is to be nullified. The captain general arrives.He calls for Maria Clara, who stays in solitude insider her room. When a man is excommunicated, he is not to be talked to or given notice by all who practice the Catholic faith. Friar Damaso is staying in the convent, which is the reason why he opts to meet with Tiago there. The captain general is staying at Captain Tiago’s house. Chapter 37 The first person the captain general wishes to see is Ibarra. However, since the youth is still to be called upon, his Excellency instead addresses the matter of the youth who had gone into a fistfight with Friar Damaso the day before, after he had insulted the sermon.When the general asks where Damaso is, he is told that the friar is bedridden in the convent. His Excellency then speaks with Maria Clara. He thanks her for having stopped Ibarra from killing the damned priest, and asks her to name the reward she would wish to receive for su ch a noble act. Ibarra arrives shortly, and confers with the captain general. They exchange opinions and ideas, and the general grows very fond of the youth. His Excellency promises to talk with the Archbishop regarding Ibarra’s case so that the latter’s state of excommunication may be lifted.When the general speaks with Captain Tiago he inquires about Ibarra’s marriage with Maria Clara, and offers to be godfather during the wedding ceremony. Lieutenant Guevarra and the captain general are two of the Spaniards that Rizal speaks of highly in his Noli, proof that the novel is not a biased endeavor to attack Spain. Chapter 38 The captain walks together with the mayor, Captain Tiago, and Crisostomo Ibarra. They watch the procession from the captain’s terrace. When the statue of the Virgin Mary passes by Tiago’s house, Maria Clara sings â€Å"Ave Maria† in a melody so sad that would cause one to ponder upon the cause of such melancholy.In this ch apter Rizal lists down his observations regarding the religious practices surrounding Catholic processions during that time, some of which are still presently observed in the Philippines. Chapter 39 In the house  of the alferez, all  the windows  are closed. Inside, servants and workers alike get the ominous feeling that the Dona Consolacion is again conjuring up an evil plan of some sort. Sisa, who was taken into custody for creating social unrest, has been in the barracks for two days now. She hears Maria Clara’s mournful song, and sings a sad ballad herself. The civil guards stay silent, listening.Dona Consolacion hears the woman, and forces the latter to sing and dance for her own amusement. The alferez arrives shortly, and commands his servant to  clothe  Sisa, feed her, give her a suitable bed for the night, and then bring her to Ibarra the following day. Dona Consolacion is one of the most hideous and unpleasant characters created by Rizal. Chapter 40 All the people head towards the town plaza to witness the play. When the show starts the friars are already in their designated seats. Friar Salvi, however, does not see what is happening on stage; his full attention is focused on Maria Clara.After the first half of the play Ibarra arrives. Friar Salvi orders Don Felipo to prohibit Ibarra from watching the play, since the youth has been excommunicated, and his presence would corrupt the celebration. When Don Felipo refuses to follow the priest’s orders, Salvi motions to his companions and leaves. Rizal describes in vibrant detail the indigenous colors, customs, and traditions that surround the night of the fiesta. Chapter 41 While Ibarra passes time in his laboratory, Elias arrives with the news of Maria Clara’s illness. The lady had apparently caught fever.Ibarra asks Elias how the latter was able to stop the riot the night before. Shortly after Elias leaves, Ibarra heads toward Captain Tiago’s house to visit Maria Cl ara. Along the way he comes across Lucas, the brother of the yellowish man who had attempted to kill Ibarra, who asks him for money for his grieving family. Ibarra, aggravated, tells the man to return in the afternoon. Elias becomes like a slave who bids farewell to his master, Ibarra, by disguising his intentions behind questions asking whether Crisostomo had other things he wanted him to do because Elias was actually taking a trip to Batangas.From the day Ibarra saved him from the crocodile, Elias had dedicated his  life  in service fully to the youth. Chapter 42 Maria Clara is ill. Dona Victorina and her husband arrive at Capitan Tiago’s house. Don Tiburcio de Espadana is there on account of the girl, whom he had agreed to treat after Tiago requested for his services (Tiburcio is a Spaniard, who pretends to be a doctor). Together with the  couple  is a young Spanish gentleman, Linares. This chapter recounts how Victorina came to marry her husband, how the latter go t into the pretense of being a man of medicine, and a brief and amusing account of his woes.Here Rizal clearly depicts the true character of Dona Victorina. Captain Tiago’s sycophancy is also shown in this chapter when he nearly kisses the hand of Linares, a man considered to be merely dust in Spain that has been cast away into the Philippine islands. Chapter 43 After Don Tiburcio de Espadana checks on Maria Clara and gives her a  prescription, Friar Damaso arrives and talks with her. The priest is introduced to Linares, and conjures up a plan to arrange the youth’s  marriage  to Maria Clara. Meanwhile, Lucas is formulating a plan to harm Ibarra. Friar Salvi also has plans of his own.The scene where Friar Damaso tears up after seeing Maria Clara in such poor condition shows that still, he has a heart — a father’s heart. Chapter 44 Friar Salvi is alone with Maria Clara for the latter’s confession. The girl begins to feel well after a few hours , and according to Dona Victorina, it was all because of Don Tiburcio’s skill and expertise. Friar Salvi, on the other hand, says that it was because of her confession. When the friar leaves Maria Clara’s room, he appears rather pale and is covered in perspiration. Maria Clara did not have the chance to know her mother because the latter died right after  giving birth  to her.Despite the many guesses as to what truly accounted for Maria Clara’s fast recovery, it was in fact the medicine that Ibarra sent her through Sinang that did the trick. Rizal describes a number of  Catholic  traditions in this chapter. Chapter 45 Just like Elias had told Ibarra, he leaves for Batangas in search of Captain Pablo. He finds the man weak and wounded in the middle of a forest. Elias persuades Pablo to go with him and live a free  life  but the latter refuses, saying that he cannot turn his back from the life he has made for himself, that of a man hunted but still fig hting for his principles and his honor.The allusion â€Å"Pablo† among the rebels in the mountains is coined from the name of Captain Pablo. Elias and Captain Pablo share the same methods of rebellion — spare the innocent. Chapter 46 It is Sunday, and virtually everyone is in the cockpit. Two brothers, Tarsilo and Bruno, are among the audience. They wish to place their bets and join the fun, but they have no money with them. Lucas approaches the two boys and offers them cash, reminding them of the vengeance they have to exact upon those who caused the death of their beloved father and inviting them to join him in a rebellion he is  planning  to start.The boys refuse. Later on, the brothers see Lucas talking to Pedro, the father of Basilio and Crispin. Eventually Tarsilo and his brother decide to join Lucas in his undertaking. According to Lucas, the rebellion is Ibarra’s idea. The boys leave after each getting thirty pesos from the man, agreeing to meet at t he cemetery at eight in the evening. The character Captain Pablo in Batangas is different from the Captain Pablo in the cockpit. Pedro is Sisa’s husband. In this chapter Rizal scrutinizes cockfighting. Chapter 47 While walking with her husband, Dona Victorina flashes her eccentric clothes about town.The de Espadanas pass by the house of the alferez. Dona Consolacion, the alferez’s wife, mocks Victorina, and this ends in a heated argument. To defend her honor, Victorina prods Linares to challenge the alferez to a duel. When it comes to character development, this chapter is at the top of the list. Dona Victorina, Dona Consolacion, Don Tiburcio de Espadana, and Captain Tiago are undying caricatures created by Rizal that have made an eternal mark in Philippine literature. The character featured in this chapter is Dona Victorina. The quarrel between the two women (Victorina and Consolacion) is described in classic satire. Chapter 48The archbishop grants pardon to  Ibarra   and removes the penalty of excommunication. Crisostomo feels a pang of jealousy when he sees Maria Clara with Linares. He proceeds to visit his schoolhouse, which is still  under construction. The architect updates him on the recent progress of the building. Ibarra  spots Elias helping out in the construction, and requests to see the full list of workers. The architect leaves, and  Ibarra  approaches Elias. Elias asks if he could speak with him later in the afternoon by the river, and  Ibarra  agrees. Elias walks away, and Nol Juan approaches  Ibarra, handing over to him the list of workers.Elias’s name is not there. The term â€Å"taguling† refers to a narrow canal where water flows through land. Chapter 49 Ibarra goes to the seaside where he had agreed to meet with Elias. Elias tells him of the purpose of the meeting — to address the concerns and needs of those who are hunted and persecuted. He asks Ibarra to find a way to diminish  the pow er  of the friars and the civil guards. Ibarra refuses. According to him, the friars and the civil guards are â€Å"necessary evils. †Ã‚  In this chapter Rizal explains what it means to love one’s country. It is here that the character of Elias finds more color and depth. Chapter 50Elias narrates his story and the unfortunate lives of his ancestors, upon Ibarra’s request. Sixty years had passed. Elias’s great-grandfather worked as a bookkeeper for a Spanish businessman. When a fire broke out in the workhouse, he was accused of arson and was sentenced to be flogged in the streets. This left him crippled. In order to provide for the family his wife, still  with child, was forced to enter into prostitution. One of their sons turned to thievery and lived the life of a bandit. Their other son eventually  married  a rich woman, and together they had two children — twins — Elias and his sister, who were both educated in Manila.However, the family’s dark past surfaced eventually, and Elias and his sister lost all that they had. The girl  killed herself, and Elias was left alone to wander the streets as a hunted man. Elias’s Family Tree: Chapter 51 Dona Victorina writes to Linares, who is currently still living in Captain Tiago’s house. She tells him that it is imperative that the lad will have already dueled with the alferez after three days. If this plan does not push through, she says, she will tell Tiago of the youth’s lies and pretenses. Ibarra arrives. He secretly asks Sinang to find a way for him to talk with Maria Clara privately.Dona Victorina’s letter is a clear picture of the present condition — the deliberate use of a foreign language in which one is not well versed. Dona Victorina repeatedly speaks and writes in Spanish although her grammar and use of the language is rather pitiful. At present many locals deliberately speak English when they know their skill in it s use requires much improvement. Linares regrets agreeing to Dona Victorina’s demands of pretending to be an honorable Spaniard and secretary to the minister just to gain Captain Tiago’s favor. Now the woman is threatening to reveal all his rotten lies.Chapter 52 The road to the cemetery is narrow; the moon is hiding behind dark clouds. Three men are talking. â€Å"Have you spoken to Elias? †Ã‚   says one. No, comes the reply. But Elias is included because he saved Ibarra’s life. â€Å"He brought my wife to a doctor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  says the first speaker, â€Å"so I consented. †Ã‚   A few minutes later, Lucas arrives and instructs them to attack the barracks and the church. Elias, after spying on Lucas, finds out about the plan that will implicate Ibarra. Chapter 53 News spreads about the flickering lights and the moving shadows in the cemetery.Tasyo the Philosopher, bedridden at that time, converses with Captain Felipo who has recently resigned fro m office. Tasyo wishes the mayor to continue in his fight. They also talk about the issue concerning the trouble with the civil guards, the friars, and the youth. The philosopher predicts his death, which he says will come in a few days. The people presume that it was the souls in purgatory mourning over their dead that lighted the candles in the cemetery. There was only one light that night, from  the match  that Elias used to see his  companions.Tasyo the Philosopher is already weakened by his condition. The original title of this chapter is â€Å"Il Buon Di Si Conosce Da Mattina,† meaning that if the morning is beautiful, the rest of the day will be also. The circumstances of  the present  will reflect what becomes of   the future. It was Tasyo who advised Don Felipo to resign from office when the latter lost against the friars in defending his plans for the town fiesta. Chapter 54 The angelus plays, and people pause to pray. But Friar Salvi continues to walk t oward the house of the alferez. The two enemies talk.Salvi tells the alferez that he had learned through a confession that there was a plan of rebellion ensuing, and that the latter should ready his men. Friar Salvi requests from him soldiers to guard the church. Meanwhile, Elias rushes to Ibarra’s house and explains that the plot had already been discovered, and Ibarra was accused of leading the rebellion. Elias immediately tells him to run and escape, but not before burning all the documents, letters, and any evidence that would implicate him. In one of these letters, Elias discovers that it was Ibarra’s great grandfather who had accused his great grandfather of arson.Elias  lives  for only one purpose: To find and exact vengeance on the descendants of that cruel Spaniard who accused his great grandfather of a crime without any proof, which had then been the cause of his family’s disgrace. He now discovers that the man he was searching for was Crisostomo I barra. Chapter 55 Tiago, Isabel, Linares, and the others, are having dinner at Captain Tiago’s house. Sinang whispers to Maria Clara, who is seated by the piano and had refused to eat. Friar Salvi is pacing back and forth across the living room. Ibarra hears shots fired near the convent. He rushes toward Captain Tiago’s house.When Ibarra returns to his house, the civil guards arrest him. Elias then enters the empty quarters and burns all the evidence that could implicated Ibarra in the failed rebellion. Sinang and Maria Clara’s other friends are aware of Friar Salvi’s affections for the young maiden. The moon does not shine too brightly that night. Chapter 56 A child looks out the window to assess the condition outside, and his mother scolds him. Manang Puti opens her windows, and so does Manang Rufa. The two women talk. They suspect that the rebellion was headed by Captain Pablo. Rumor has it that Don Felipo was arrested.Some say that the civil guards ha d revolted in the barracks, and that Friar Salvi had attacked the alferez. Word spreads that Ibarra had burned his entire house down. They had surveyed Ibarra’s house. They say that the youth was plotting to kill Friar Salvi. Word has it around town that Ibarra is a criminal, and that this was because of his liberal education in Spain. In the characters’ conversations Rizal shows clearly to the readers why rumors always spread fast and grow. It is because every single person who hears the news inserts his own opinions and thoughts and adds it to the original story.Opinions and guesses are quickly taken as facts. Chapter 56 Tarsilo and Andong are persecuted. Of all  the men  who attacked the barracks, they were the only ones who made it alive. Tarsilo declares that he had not once spoken to Crisostomo Ibarra. The only reason he joined the attack was to avenge his father’s death. Tarsilo is tortured. After Tarsilo dies without confessing anything of use, Andon g is questioned. Andong is terrified of his companion’s fate, and says that he will speak. The reason, he admits, why he was there by the barracks was because his in-laws gave him only rotten food and nothing decent to eat.In this chapter Rizal shows the heroic acts of one Tarsilo, a man who knows how to fight and die with honor. It is helpful to remember what Friar Salvi says: â€Å"I do not wish to face them yet†¦ I am not well† in trial when he stands opposite  the men  arrested. Friar Salvi is included in the trial because during that time, the church and the state were linked. Chapter 57 Tarsilo and Andong are persecuted. Of all the men who attacked the barracks, they were the only ones who made it alive. Tarsilo declares that he had not once spoken to Crisostomo Ibarra. The only reason he joined the attack was to avenge his father’s death. Tarsilo is tortured.After Tarsilo dies without confessing anything of use, Andong is questioned. Andong is te rrified of his companion’s fate, and says that he will speak. The reason, he admits, why he was there by the barracks was because his in-laws gave him only rotten food and nothing decent to eat. In this chapter Rizal shows the heroic acts of one Tarsilo, a man who knows how to fight and die with honor. It is helpful to remember what Friar Salvi says: â€Å"I do not wish to face them yet†¦ I am not well† in trial when he stands opposite the men arrested. Friar Salvi is included in the trial because during that time, the church and the state were linked.Chapter 58 The relatives of those caught during the rebellion break down in tears. Aling Doray, with her child, sobs waiting for Don Felipo. Capt. Tinay and the others weep for their sons and husbands. Andong’s mother-in-law speaks out in anger. When the twenty prisoners are taken outside at two in the afternoon, all of them are tied up except for Ibarra. All the people blame him for the dark fate of their lov ed ones in captivity. Ibarra does not have a single friend in the crowd. Not even Nol Juan, the schoolteacher, or Captain Basilio is in sight.From a hilltop, Tasyo the Philosopher watch the prisoners leave. He couldn’t go to them because of his ill health. The following day Tasyo is found dead. Chapter 59 The many corporations celebrate Friar Salvi’s triumphant discovery of the rebellion. The people in the  government  and the church hope for a big promotion of their offices because of the successful efforts to put a stop to the uprising. The friars blame it all on the Jesuits, who they claim had messed with the minds of the youth. Captain Tinong is restless and worried that he might also be arrested simply for being Ibarra’s acquaintance.Word spreads around Manila that all the praises about Ibarra’s schoolhouse are false; it is actually a place for the rebels, a tower of rebellion. Don Primitivo is a caricature created by Rizal, similar to Captain Ba silio and Dona Victorina:   He always speaks in Latin, but people do not understand a word he says. The friars hold a great celebration in honor of Friar Salvi and his discovery of an uprising — through Holy Confession. Chapter 60 Captain Tiago is the only wealthy man who isn’t in jail. Captain Tinong is freed, but is terribly ill and does not want to go out of the house.Dona Victorina, Don Tiburcio, and Linares arrive at Captain Tiago’s house. Victorina and Tiago agree that Linares and Maria Clara wed the soonest time possible, and Tiago immediately attends to the wedding preparations the following day. Maria Clara goes to the azotea and sees Ibarra leap out from a rowboat nearby. Ibarra climbs up the azotea and tells the maiden how he feels she has betrayed her but has nonetheless already forgiven her. Maria Clara stops him, and explains her present circumstances. She swears to Ibarra that she had fallen and will fall in love only once and with him.For a gir l, just like Maria Clara, the love of a mother is of vital importance. Maria Clara knows that it was not confession but the medicine that Ibarra gave her through Sinang that cured her illness. Chapter 61 Civil guards to after Ibarra and Elias on the lake in hot pursuit. Elias jumps off the boat to mislead the men, saving Ibarra’s life. In spite of Elias’s sad fate — no love, no happiness — he still wishes to stay and suffer and die in his motherland. In this chapter is born Simoun of El Filibusterismo, a man poisoned by misfortune and repays it with violence and cruelty to his countrymen.Chapter 62 Many gifts are offered for Maria Clara’s wedding to Linares. Friar Damaso arrives, cheerful. He notices, however, that the maiden is rather pale and distraught. Maria Clara cries on his shoulders and asks him to tell Captain Tiago to call off the wedding. She tells him of her last encounter with Ibarra on the azotea, but leaves out the part about knowing the true story of her birth. She tells Damaso that as long as Ibarra was alive she was willing to suffer, content with hearing the occasional mention of his name.But now that he is gone — she had learned that Ibarra was killed as he tried to escape the guards — she no longer has any reason to suffer. She asks Friar Damaso to grant her permission to enter the nunnery, and, after much hesitation, the priest consents. News has already spread that Ibarra was killed in the lake. Even if a man is of pure Spanish descent, if he is born in the Philippines, he is regarded as lower than those who are born in Spain. Chapter 63 Basilio returns to San Diego to look for his mother, Sisa. This search ends in the forest of the Ibarras, where Sisa dies shortly after recognizing her son.Minutes later, a weak and wounded Elias arrives and orders Basilio to cremate the two bodies (Elias’s and Sisa’s). In this chapter the readers catch a glimpse of the characters that will b e leading the El Filibusterismo, sequel to Rizal’s Noli. The town of San Diego now has a new parish priest and a new alferez. This is one of the saddest chapters in the entire novel. Basilio reunites with his mother but the two of them do not even get a chance to speak with each other. And it was Christmas Eve. Chapter 64 This chapter narrates what happened to the characters following the preceding events.Friar Damaso is assigned to another town. The following day he is found dead. It is suspected that he suffered a heart attack. Friar Salvi frequently delivers sermons at the convent of Sta. Clara where Maria Clara is staying. Captain Tiago drowns himself in gambling, cockfighting, and opium. He lost his will to attend mass the moment Maria Clara entered the convent. Dona Victorina is enjoying the Spanish life even more. Don Tiburcio is frequently found without his dentures. Linares dies of dysentery. The alferez returns to Spain, leaving his wife. Maria Clara is miserable at the convent.

International Portfolio Diversification: World Oil Economy

The prospect of innovating new technology is not only very economical but it also serves as an operational assistance to solve the forthcoming oil crises. With the help of this new technology, by 2015, we will be capable of earning about $10 billion annually. Under the current scenario, many people have predicted that the oil crises will prevail in the future. Daniel Yergin expressing his concern said that â€Å"people seem to have forgotten that oil prices like other commodities keep fluctuating and these can go up again†. Robert Dole pointed out, â€Å"in the future security of world's oil and gas supplies will be a vital interest of the US and other Powers†. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) The consequences of the rising trade deficit on the security of our oil resources have also been underlined by Alan Greenspan; the Chairman of the Federal Reserve bureau. Department of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) states that the daily consumption of oil by 2010 will rise to 20 million barrels. The International Energy Agency debating increase in population, urbanization and industrialization commented that the world's population specifically of Asia and Latin America will increase about 50% by 2020. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) It means more villagers will move to city resulting in increase in the consumption of energy and oil and the decrease in the cultivating area as oil the fundamental unit of urbanization. An analysis done by the national laboratories of the Energy Department shows that â€Å"the per capita energy consumption of china and India’s urban population can rise to 45% in the coming years†. Consequently, their daily consumption of oil will rise up to 119 million barrels. This is twice the global oil consumption today. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) Under the worldwide economic depression the global energy demand of oil is expected to rise high. According EIA, 80% of this demand will be fulfilled by the Persian Gulf. It means that within 10-15 years the export market share of Gulf countries will increase up to 67% of its current share. Moreover, EIA predicts with this increase in the demand of oil by 2010, the oil prices will rise up to $24 a barrel; causing a 75% increase in the export market. Besides, other countries have initiated a 15% and 10% increase in their oil production and in their proven reserves respectively. Unfortunately their reserves durability has fallen to 18-17 years. Unlike these countries OPEC’s attempt to raise its production and proven reserves to 20% and 75% will raise its productivity for ninety years. On the whole is seems that the economy and security of the United State is in the hand of OPEC countries, due to its increased dependence on oil. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) In the coming decade, the US is expected to import about 60% of its oil, of which one third will be imported from Persian Gulf this will raise its trade deficit in oil to $100 billion yearly. This is a great and persistent setback to its economy. In past decades the oil import has increased vulnerability to raised oil price increase. This is always fallowed by economic recession. Hence, by 2010 the oil revenue of the Persian Gulf nations is likely to increase to $250 billion from its current price of $90 billion annually. it means that the wealth of Persian Gulf will raise to $1. 5 billion in the next decade. This scenario is of great concern as it will bring heavy weaponry, influence and mischief in the troubled region of gulf. This may Increase military and technical expertise for Russia. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) Noticeably, in the future economic recession the competitors of US will be the Asian countries with their growing consumption of oil rather than the NATO countries. Whose measures to consume limited oil are of are helpful to US in the current a future scenarios. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) Presently, â€Å"International Departments of Energy (IDE)† are trying to explore and extract oil from countries other than Gulf e. . certain reserves of oil have been explored form Soviet Union. Hence, to facilitate these stances Department of Energy (DOE) is encouraging the privatization of many oil companies; particularly, those situated in Mexico and Latin America. In fact DOE is spending $10 million annually to develop advance oil field technologies. This will be helpful to reduce the cost of finding and extracting oil. EIA believes that US import of crude oil will reach to 10 million barrels within 15 years; even after maintaining a decline in the domestic oil usage. (Romm and Curtis, 1996) To reduce oil consumptions DOE has invested ten of million of dollars in automobile sector for The development of less fuel consuming cars and trucks with internal combustion engine, electricity run cars, boifuel consuming cars, super efficient hybrid vehicle, and devices with energy storage capacity like batteries etc. it is also investing to use the wastes of crops instead of natural gas. Most experts believe that the long term replacement of oil is only the fuel cells technology. Even if oil prices decreased, DOE’s attempt to produce alternatives will be helpful in many ways. These initiatives will create jobs and will save the money otherwise invested to import foreign oil. It will help in environment protection as on using these technologies less fuel will be consumed. (Joseph J. Romm and Charles B. Curtis, 1996) David and Crucini were conducted to analysis the variability among trade and Sudden movements of oil prices. For this reason we studied the correction terms of trade and other variable. Three oil producing countries – two industrial and on non industrial- were taken as sample. And a correlation was conducted among these industrial and non industrial oil producers. The results of the study explain the changes in oil production tends to affect the industrial productivity and ultimately to the trade. If production increases trade will also increase and with the decline of production trade will also decrease. (Backus, & Crucini, 2000) This also assists in finding the â€Å"correlation between the terms of trade and output generated†. The results show that there is a positive correlation between the trade terms and the increase in productivity. Increase in trade is directly proportional to the increase in productivity; if trade increase productivity will also increase. Besides, there is a negative correlation between the terms of trade and oil price hike. Trade decreases with the increase in oil prices and increase with the increase in oil prices. (Backus, & Crucini, 2000) The mechanism explained above also affects the trade and productivity of the items produced in the country. If there is an increase in the products domestically produces and traded, there prices will decrease. But if there is a decline in the production and trade of these products, an increase in their prices will be viewed. Therefore, If the oil supply is disrupted it will reduce the productivity and trade ability of an industrialized country. It is due to the fact that most of non oil producer industrialized countries import oil for use in their industries. So if there is a shortage of oil it will cause decrease in the products produced by the industry. In other words one can say that the oil prices are inversely related to the trade and productivity of a country. Therefore if there is an increase in the prices of oil it will badly affect the economy thus causing economic recession. (Backus & Crucini, 2000) The behavior of international oil prices in the postwar economy can be understood through the economic recession of 1970's and 1980's. When countries have to experience sudden increase and decrease in the oil prices. Moreover, between 1973-1986 oil prices underwent a noticeable changes in different directions: output vitality increased in UK, US Italy and France. However a noticeable decrease in the output was observed in Germany and Japan. Similarly an increase in the consumption of oil was perceived in Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and United States while declined in consumption of oil was by Germany and Japan.. Notwithstanding, this increase in the trade of five countries, the correlation of the exports was negative. The results showed that the trade prices are short lived and synchronized by the changes in the relative oil prices. (Backus & Crucini, 2000) the non-oil producer countries have large share of fuel in trade for example the Japan’s share in the fuel trade market was 22. 2%. However after first economic recession and oil price shock in the mid 1970's a change in fuel share was viewed: France, Germany, Italy and Japan all faced double deficit in their fuel trade. The cause of some of this reversal of trade deficit was the either collapse of oil prices in mid-1980's or energy conservation. However positive changes were viewed in the fuel share of Australia and Canada while US emerged as a net exporter of fuel through North Sea oil production. On the whole it was proved that oil prices have a cyclical influence upon the terms of trade. Backus & Crucini, 2000) Moreover term of trade of the smaller countries is more volatile as compared larger countries. Sudden increase in the prices of oil reduces the productivity and trade, simultaneously. On the whole this study suggests that there is an unstable relationship between relative price and quantities. Especially when increase in oil prices act differently over time. Hence the terms of, output, and the trade ba lance can be maintained and kept stagnant by controlling the source of oil price shocks. (Backus & Crucini, 2000) A crude oil reservoir contains crude oil extracted using primary, secondary, improved, enhanced, or tertiary method. Created liquids and those extracted from mined deposit are not crude oil. There is no doubt that crude oil reservoirs are in vast quantity yet the fact remains that they are finite. In fact most of these reservoirs are almost fully explored or are being explored. Petroleum production has been culminated with the increase in the demand. Currently demand for the crude oil in the developing countries like China, India, South America has risen up to 2%. (Wood et al, 2000) These countries face increase in the growth of crude oil demand due to increased consumer demand. Crude oil is mostly consumed for transportation and in internal combustion engines. Neither developing country other than China and India demanded high crude oil either due to political or economic reasons. However many economists and industry professionals predicted that over past two decades world crude oil production will increase with increasing frequency. And this increase will cause noticeable impacts on the world oil prices, lifestyle of people, US economy etc. Wood et al, 2000) In April 200, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) marketed the results of their most detailed and modern study. This 5year study was conducted by the geoscientists to compute and analyze the resources of crude oil and natural gas in the world. Basically this study was conducted by USGS â€Å"to provide impartial, scientifically based, societal relevant petroleum resource information essential to th e economic and strategic security of the United States. † The results of this study were used by EIA to analyze world oil supply in the long run. Hence, we can say that the EIA's analysis is based on historical and geographically derived facts rather than mere assumptions and estimations. (Wood et al, 2000) if the resource base is large it will reach peak of its production at a later stage as compared to a smaller one. Moreover, if following the USGS analysis crude oil continue to produce at 2% Growth rate than and if the production starts declining than till 2037 the production of the world’s crude oil will raise up to 53. 2 billion barrel annually. However, depending upon the demand it is also likely that by 2112 and 2021 the production of the crude oil may rise to 24. 6 and 48. 5 billion barrel (Wood, Long, Morehouse, 2000) the growing demand of the crude oil can only be reduced trough the invention of new technology e. g. hybrid powered automobiles and substitution of the source of energy e. g. Hydrogen- fed cell. The increase in unconventional sources of production (tar sands and very heavy oil) also depends upon the rate of technological advancement. This type of production is very economic and successfully working in Canada. However from this study we estimate that oil will peak in the middle of 21st century which means new energy doesn’t have the large time required to penetrate the market. Therefore these results does not justify both the supply and demand of the research (Woo et al, 2000) Since World War II about US recessions were fallowed by sudden increase in oil prices. Although, it doesn’t make any difference, in analyzing the outcome of oil price shock, economic decisions are more concerned with real oil prices rather than nominal oil prices. However most of the oil shocks are based upon the nominal prices as their magnitude is larger than the overall. Initially the nominal prices stay stagnant and change over time. The difference and nominal is that the former are the outcome of the change in internal economic inflation and have external statistical representation. There form many researchers use nominal oil prices as an explanatory variable to explain oil price economy. (Hamilton, 2005) In an economy dollar have a fairly small share i. e. in 2000 US consumed about 7. billion barrels of oil purchased at a price of $30 a barrel. This shows that dollar share is 2. 2% of the $9. 8 trillion GDP of US. However the nominal GDP of US has risen to 3. 8% in the past few years, after the production and supply disruptions caused by five oil price shocks and economic recessions. (Hamilton, 2005) The decrease in the quantity of oil supplied is actually synchronized by the sudden increase in the fuel prices. The oil shocks contributio n of economic downturns should be attributed with changes caused by other factors and capitalization rate. Theoretically, Increase oil prices will cause a decrease in capital and labor allocation. However, in reality an oil price cause increase in the output (allocating of labor and capital). (Hamilton, 2005) The economic regression of 1949-80 predicted a slow GDP growth of about 2. 9% annually after an oil price hike of 10%. However, 1949-2005 regression predicted only 0. 7% slow GDP growth. This is resulted through the use of less fuel efficient cars. Noticeably net oil prices have shown an increase in the crude oil prices to about 20%. In 2004 oil prices showed an 18% increase while world production showed an increase of 21%. Similarly 2005 viewed 0. 2% increase in production and 21% increase in oil prices. These figures show that increased demand of oil contributed to the Increase of oil prices during the last years. (Hamilton, 2005) The recession from the oil prices increase suggests that there is some kind of relation between oil prices and productivity. The oil price shock is governed by factor share argument and affects the economy through the disruption caused by consumer and firm’s investment on other goods. Oil prices also affect the inflation rate governed by monetary policy on long term basis. (Hamilton, 2005) Today, we are so heavily dependent on oil that 90% of our transport, 95% of all good and food products requires oil. In short, today the world is consuming 80 million oil daily and 29 billion barrels of oil yearly. Unfortunately these figures of oil consumption are rapidly rising. According to the US government assumption by 2025 this demand of oil will increase to about 120 million barrel daily and 43 billion barrels yearly. (Leggett, 2006) America only consumes quarter of global current demand for oil. This is due to the decrease in domestic oil production and increase in demand during last 35 years. These figures show that America’s share of oil import will increase over time. Today, of the 20 million barrels consumed by America about 15 million are imported from the Middle East. The US can cut its import of 5 million barrel by increasing the fuel consumption capacity to miles per gallon of its automobile but instead it has allowed General Motors to build automobiles. Similarly, the US has increased the Share of Spots Utility vehicles to 24 % by 24%. (Jones et al, 2004) Consequently due to these lavish expenditure US vehicles fuel consumption ability reduce to 2. 44 mile per gallon in 2001 as compared to other countries whose cars have the capacity of moving 60 miles per gallon. (Jeremy Leggett, 2006)On the whole the fact remains that oil is finite thing. Different people have different views in this regard some think that only about 2 trillion barrels of oil is left to be used and discovered while other think that this amount is at most 1 trillion. The former suggests that oil production will expectedly end till 2030 which means there is enough time to go for alternatives. They also believe that 1. Saudi Arabia have achieved its peak of pumping and couldn’t serve as an alternative during recession 2. the giant oil field have all been exploited and none is left behind however in later case it seems the recession time will come soon and there is less time to innovate is a factor with help of which oil price shock can change macroeconomics. Reallocation of labor after the recession period is really helpful to reduce the effects of oil price shocks. Under a long lasting oil price rice reduces the energy usage, capital and labor supply which causes a reduction in the investment sector and capital stock market decline as well. Janis suggested that under increased oil prices wages are â€Å"potentially significant† even with low oil price and productivity. (Jones et al, 2004) Therefore, it seems that reallocation of capital and revision of investment plans is necessary to oil price shock effects on the macroeconomics. Oil price shock has a double effect on the destruction and creation of jobs in all sectors. In the case of positive oil price shocks sector responds ten times positively than in the negative shock situations. Increase in petroleum products cause an increase in the wages of skilled workers but 3%- 4% decrease in real wages of workers. In other wards one can say that oil price increases have a negative impact in the short run but in long run it has a positive. With the increase in oil prices unemployment also. (Jones et al, 2004) Interest rates have strongly asymmetric response towards positive and negative oil price shock in short run and a moderately asymmetric response to long run. It means that the oil price works primarily through GDP mechanism and affect the interest rates with its fluctuating prices. Hence, if the prices of petroleum increase the crude oil prices will also increases but if the prices petroleum decreases the price of the crude oil will also decrease. Jones, Leiby, and Paik suggested that â€Å"In case of crude oil relation with GDP asymmetry is the speed of response to the price in price GDP case asymmetry is the magnitude of the price hike†. Some experts say that the oil price of the 1970s was the real cause of the economic recession. Both energy prices other words it can also be said that the oil price shocks primarily through employment, GDP and interest rate. (Jones et al, 2004) There is a little doubt about the impact of the monetary policy’s response to the hike in the oil price. However, DOE did reached a conclusion that during 197-1990 episodes of recession that some of the GDP reduction was caused by a deficiency in the monetary policy and was outcome of oil price hike. This means that an alternative monetary policy could have averted recession of 1970s. One can say that during economic recessions oil prices indirectly act on the GDP through the monetary policy. The prices shock in the OPEC is actually the result of depressed growth but due to the increased demand of the oil. (Jones et al, 2004) After 1980s recession OPEC its ability to keep the prices of oil stable this type of change may be cause due to Oil prices never affected GDP. It was viewed to be so due to the lack of lengthy data to be studied. Since the World War II the pricing of world oil market was not as linear and simple as was observed. So when the flexibility in observing thing emerged the observers began to understand the price signal. (Jones et al, 2004) The changes in the stock market, which are caused by increase in economic activity is crucial for economic activity. Both present and future impacts of oil prices on the stock price are notice worthy and helpful to determine the future scenarios. The relationship between the stock market and the oil prices is reflected through the effects of stock market on cash flows. In other wards the cash flow of oil prices have a positive or negative impact on the stock market. 0% of the oil price shocks are responsible for the ups and downs in the business circle while only 16% is responsible for the fluctuations in the U. S. (Jones et al, 2004) The above discussion proves that during an economic recession GDP-oil relationship is mostly observed. This relationship can not be either avoided by the alternative monetary. Mover over after World War II the oil prices have been p roved to be non reliable and constantly fluctuating factors. Empirical research also shows that reallocation of 11% manufacturing labor occur after oil price hike. Hence, it seems that from a macroeconomic perspective all the price movements are different. It is necessary to develop policies helpful to deal with the oil price shocks. (Jones et al, 2004) To forecast oil supply a low cost approach can be helpful. It will help to determine the nature of the bias and recurring errors. This type of approach is necessary to explain the difficulties involved in making petroleum supply forecasting at a macroeconomic level. (Lynch, 2002) Forecasting of oil prices is in practice since late 1970s e. g. Lynch predicted that the by 2000 Gulf’s boom in oil production will decline to $13-18. per barrel. But this forecast was base upon the economic recession of 1970. Despite being shifting from the hands of one company to the other, oil prices have remained constant to $14 per barrel throughout its history. But this stability of the prices changed in 1970s, when it had to face price hikes due to disruptions caused by supply and demand. (Lynch, 2002) The OPEC decision to introduce a long term price raisin path supported the expectations of having a 2-4% price growth. This step was so mush supported that for many years’ people demanded these types of initiations. For a long time there is form cast that oil prices will remain flat. However, it seems that the price hike of 2000 will alter it. Since 1980s the researches related to oil production and supply has become pessimistic which a common approach before 1979; when most of the studies focused upon scarcity of recourse, and need for new discoveries outside the Middle East. The production of world crude oil has changed over time. In a study conducted for non-OPEC forecasts that that most of the errors and bias faces were same leading to the peak in production. Lynch, 2002) The development of a new technology for the extraction of oil does have many positive consequences, who really demand appreciation. Today with the help of technology many discovered but unutilized oil reserves have been drilled and are being marketed. For instance, oil reserves of North Sea were abandon due lack of heavy expenses in 1970s. Today these reserves have been discovered with the help of technology at a very low c ost. According to a study 1998 with the use of modern technology the oil reserves of US rose to about 24000 tones. This means that with the help of modern technology US underwent a remarkably 16% increase in its reserve. (Lynch, 2002) Notwithstanding this increase it is also true that these reserves are finite and will tend to decrease over time. Lynch conducted a study in this field and found that the production oil reserve will undergo a 10-20% decrease annually since its drilling and extracting starts. Even between Gulf countries the productivity level is different and depends upon the location. For instance, Drilling in Saudi Arabia will bring more revenues as compared to drilling in Oman. However, it is also a fact that most of the countries try to hide the actual situation and capacity of their oil reserves e. g. according to the report of Canadian oil experts the oil reserves of Canada remained same during 1999 and 2000. (Lynch, 2002) Many countries are reluctant to import oil in heavy quantity due to heavy tax rates. As most of the oil producing countries demand high taxes on the export of their products. In such cases producing countries raise the prices which then seriously affect the global economy. However, since the formation of OPEC oil prices are continuously regulated and controlled. (Lynch, 2002) The world oil production is regulated under Saudi Arabia and OPEC members since 1970s. After the oil shocks of 173 the new sources of oil supply have been discovered: Mexico, North Sea, China, Alaska, etc. Besides, Russia is the third largest producer and the second largest exporter of oil. Today, OPEC has a 40% share of the world oil supply which is sufficient to exert power in marinating and fluctuating world oil prices. The oil usage of US has been decreased since1980s economic recession. In 2000, after sudden 16% increase of oil prices US oil production declined to 12% As a result of these different trends in consumption. This means now the US more rely on imports than before. However, the US exports the domestically produced oil at the globally set prices. After the terrorist attacks in US oil prices were reduces bringing great setbacks to the world economy. This happened because of the ban imposed on air travel. (Perry, 2001) The Middle East does not seem to be affected by terrorists, yet its geographical locality and vulnerability to the terrorists can not be ignored. Currently both increase and decrease in the oil prices is viewed. (Perry, 2001) The recent oil forecasts claim that next economic recession will be caused by terrorist attacks and the prospect of authorizing limited airlines theses acts are likely to reduce the world oil demand which will ultimately lead to global recession. The OPEC could avoid this recession by introducing production and. Saudi Arabia has initiated by applying a production and price cut to its oil reserves: its oil price has reduced to $4 a barrel in October 2001 immediately after terrorist attack on the US. The oil prices decline of 1980s and 1990s will be very much helpful in the current situation: by assisting airline industry, slowing down the inflation rates, and will assist inpursuing expansionary monetary policy. (Perry, 2001) The two recessions fallowed by the world war were greatly associated with the disruptions in the oil: †¢ During the Arab-Israel war of 1974. Arab countries announces major cut in the production on oil and prohibited shipments to the supporters of Israel. The OPEC raised the crude oil price to $12 from $3. The 1975 economic recession faced both higher oil prices and depressed the oil demand. It was the time when OPEC had to cut production to maintain high oil prices. But this prospect negatively as with the fear of shortage of supplies certain precautions were adopted. (Perry, 2001) It was the time when US felt need and created the strategic petroleum reserve similar to those established in industrial countries. In addition, also applied buying constrain ts on consumer and imposed moderate price control measures on the domestic oil producers and refiners. (Perry, 2001) After the recessions of 1974-75 and the Iran-Iraq war of 1980 the high the OPEC prices shocked the world. OPEC raised its price to $30 a barrel exceeding to $35 a barrel. The imposition of greatly high taxes on petroleum products caused high inflation. Ultimately, it will increase the already rocketing food prices. This was the time when more intense monetary policy was in demand. During the 1979-1980 recession, the increase in production was needed to stabilize the market. Saudi Arabia was the first to raise it production up to 8. 6 million barrels a day in 1979 to 10. million barrel in 1980 and 1981. In 1983 and 1985 Saudi again acted and applied a production cut to 5. 0 million barrel and 3. 6 million barrel respectively. Though this worked but during the Arab war OPEC proves its ability to stabilize prizes by raising production to 5. 5 million per barrel, of which Saudi share was 3. 1 million. (Perry, 2001) Today, most of the economic forecasts suggest that the terrorist attacks if not controlled will lead to another economic recession. As terror is attacks will affect and reduce consumer and business spending. Today the major problem is not the rocketing oil prices but the security of oil reserves. Most of which are will the politically troubled and unstable region of the OAPEC and the OPEC. Today, the most important fear of all oil consuming country is to save the oil reserves from going in the hands of extremists. As bin Ladin has claimed to charge $144 a barrel after conquering the reserves of oil. (Perry, 2001) In the case of reducing the oil supply it will badly affect the economy of the US and the world. The good thing is that if new oil crises arise it will result in the demand for the reduction in foreign oil production. Notwithstanding, reality will never change that it is impossible to reduce dependence on foreign oil products. Today, the 40% of the US energy demand is fulfilled by the petroleum. The domestic oil reserves of the US have already diminished therefore it will definitely have to import foreign oil to fulfill its needs. Under the today’s scenario, the US consumption of oil will only partially change that also bringing a decline to its industrial economies. (Perry, 2001) The oil price crises emanates from the higher prices produced from the Middle East even if it is not involved in it. The individual nation producer cannot set their own prices they do have to fallow the prices set by the international market. Otherwise, the world will face great inefficiencies and it would become to fulfill the worldly oil need. Economy will be greatly exposed to the effects of the reduced oil. (Perry, 2001) Economizing oil prices are more helpful in the long run to changing capital stock and usage of less energy but in the short run there are scarcely efficient methods to reduce the effect of high prices it is for this reason that the demand of oil in the short run is more elastic. This means that 1% cut in the short run will cause 20% of the increase in prices. The magnitude of the impacts oil price rise in the short run depends upon the monetary policies and inflation. This shows that high prices will lead to high inflation and this will greatly affect the economy as the price of oil supply will be transferred to oil producers rather than oil suppliers. However, it is also clear that these years economy has seen less inflation as compared to the past. (Perry, 2001)

Unit guide

It will look at the evolution of risk, the requirements for risk management, the risk management process and steps, and the application of risk management. Mode of Delivery Coalfield (Evening) 3 hours per week Additional workload requirements This is a six credit point unit with three hours class contact per week over 12 teaching weeks. It is expected that you will spend, on average, nine hours in self-directed study each week, in addition to the three hours of class contact. Self-directed study for a particular unit may exceed nine hours during weeks preceding an in-semester test, submission of a major assignment or final examination.The feedback is anonymous and provides the Faculty with evidence of aspects that students are satisfied 1 For more information on Manama's educational strategy, see: www. Monish. Deed. AU/ about/Monish-directions/ and on student evaluations, see: www. Policy. Monish. Deed/ policy-bank/academic/education/quality/student-evaluation-policy. HTML Previous S tudent Evaluations of this Unit Student feedback has highlighted the following strengths of this unit: (1) ‘great delivery' and (2) ‘aligned with the real world'. Student feedback has also contributed to continuous improvements, including ‘more practice examples'.Classes may consist of group presentations, case studies, discussions and completion of assigned work. The lecture sessions will cover significant points of the topics (see Unit Schedule), and may be used to discuss a aspect of each topic, but rather provide a framework of the important theoretical concepts and practical issues. Given this framework students are expected to attend all classes and participate actively. In order to participate and to gain maximum benefit from the sessions, all the questions, set for each week, are to be attempted before the class for that week.At times in the class the lecturer will invite students to raise and discuss relevant issues and areas of concern. Students should ta ke this opportunity, particularly in lass, to clarify areas of difficulty and to contribute actively to the discussion of the model answers to the set of weekly questions. 4 Students are expected to spend additional private study time and access the recommend readings, which are listed in this guide and on Blackboard. In addition to the recommended readings and sets of weekly questions, a number of past examinations and tests, together with model answers, are provided on Blackboard.These resources enable students to develop a mastery of the topics covered by the unit. To ensure a high probability of completing successfully this unit, students need o approach it in a systematic way. At a minimum this should involve: reading the prescribed material prior to each weekly session; preparing solutions to each set of questions prior to the session; attending sessions and participating in discussions of model answers; reviewing material from other references from time to time; and attempt r elevant past examination and test questions.Assessment Summary Within semester assessment: 50% Examination: 50% Assessment Task Value Due Date Individual assignment 15% spin, 1 April 2014 25% spin, 13 May 2014 week 3 – week 12 on class) Examination 1 To be advised Hurdle Requirements There is a hurdle requirement in this unit. The learning outcomes in this unit require students to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the topics covered in the unit. This is demonstrated by the requirement that the student must attain a mark of at least 50% in the final examination.A student's final mark is normally the sum of the marks obtained in all of the individual assessment items in the unit. Where a student fails the unit solely because of failure to satisfy the hurdle requirement, a mark of 48 will be returned for the unit. Second marking Where an assessment task is given a fail grade by an examiner, that piece of work will be marked again by a second examiner who will independ ently evaluate the work, and consult with the first marker. No student will be awarded a fail grade for an assessment task or unit without a second examiner confirming the result.Note: Exceptions to this are individual pieces of assessment contributing 10% or less of the final mark, unless the total of such pieces exceeds 30% of the final mark. Return of final marks Faculty policy states that ‘the final mark that a student receives for a unit will be determined by the Board of Examiners on the recommendation of the Chief Examiner taking into account all aspects of assessment'. The final mark for this unit will be released by the Board of Examiners on the date nominated in the Faculty Calendar. Student results will be accessible through the my. Gnash portal. Exam viewing Feedback on student performance in examinations and other end-of-semester assessment is required, in accordance with the University's procedures on Unit www. Busses. Monish. Deed. AU/ABA/student/exam-view/index . HTML. Assessment Criteria Grading Descriptors available at: http://www. Busses. Monish. Deed. AU/eggs/gag/policies/assessment. HTML. Assessment Requirements Assessment task 1 Title: Due date: Details of task: Full details of the assessment task will be provided on Model along with all references required to complete the task.Word limit: 2,000 words Weighting's: Presentation requirements: Referencing requirements: Work submitted for assessment must be consistent with the guidelines set down in the Q Manual, which is the faculty's student guide for producing quality work on time. Marks may be deducted where in-text citations and/or the reference list is not insistent with the American Psychological Association (PAPA) style, which is illustrated in the Q Manual.Plagiarism: In order to ensure the academic integrity of your submission and to deter others from copying your work, your submission may be processed by a plagiarism checker such as Turning. The University's plagiarism policy is available online. Estimated return date: Marked assignments will be returned to you during week 7. If you do not attend the class in week 7, you may collect your assignment from your tutor during consultation times from week 8 onwards. You should retain the marked copy of your submission until the final results for the unit are released.Criteria for marking: Overall, the work submitted for assessment will be graded in accord with the table showing examples of grades and corresponding achievement levels published in the Q Manual (2012, p. 6). A detailed marking guide will be provided on Model. Learning This assessment task is designed to test your achievement of learning objectives 1 , 3, 4 and 5. Submission details: Assignments should be submitted electronically and in hardcopy via the department assignment box at Level 3, Building H.Work submitted for assessment must be accompanied by a completed and signed assignment coversheet. Penalties for late lodgment: A penalty of 10% of the total mark allocated to this assessment task will be deducted for each day, or part thereof, it is late. Applications for an extension of time allocated to an in-semester assessment task must be made by completing the application form. The application form must be submitted to the Chief Examiner for consideration no later than two university working days after the due date. Assessment task 2 references required to complete the task 3,000 words

Zara Fast Fashion From Savvy Systems Coursework

Zara Fast Fashion From Savvy Systems - Coursework Example BBC in a business article described Zara’s advancement into the global market as beating expectations in each quarter (BBC, 2010). Tiplady described the rising of the company past the former leader in the industry, H&M (Tiplady, 2006). She dramatically expressed the rise as beating off the pants from the leader and everyone else. Fox described it as a global achievement story (Fox, 2011). The company’s innovativeness has been hailed as the spine of the Spanish success story (CNN, 2001). The image of the firm has looked incessantly looked up in the global stage. This is convoyed by a steady elevation of revenue indexes. The company’s size trebled from1996 to 2000, and then jumped from $2.43 billion in 2001 to $13.6 billion in 2007. By August 2008, sales overtook Gap, making Inditex the global leader in apparel retailing (Hall, 2008). The growth of the company has been proped by seven other brands, and Zara is unquestionably the firm’s crown jewel and growth engine, accounting for roughly 2/3 of sales (Murphy, 2008), opening a store a day and entering new markets in 68 countries so far. The chain’s profitability is among the highest in the industry (Sull and Turconi, 2008). The growth of the company is deemed to emanate from three innovating characteristics. All analysis reviews cite short lead times, lower volumes and more styles, as the drivers behind the company’s achievements. ... Additionally, the company strives to respond with swiftness to the demands of the market. The company’s visions are to be a part of the customer’s life, achieve a customer’s experience inside its shops and achieve a social action perception. Additionally, the company aims to contribute to the sustainable development of the society and the environment. Situational Analysis The apparel industry is a very dynamic industry. What is in demand today may be junk tomorrow. Unlike other industries, apparel manufacturing is work intensive rather than resource intensive. It is highly subjective to political factors; laws are passed which significantly affect the industry. Other dynamics include changing social trends, market development and global economic trends. Environmental Analysis The environmental analysis utilizes the PEST model. This evaluates the political, economic, social and technological factors affecting the apparel industry (Thompson & Martin 2005, p. 86). T he labor-intensive nature of the industry makes it dependent on such factors as employment laws and consumer protection. The employment laws are significantly complicated in developed countries. Regulations within this law which have hit the industry include the minimum wage and health protection laws. Coupled with globalization, this has led to companies shifting their production to developing nations. Investment in PPE has reduced across the industry. Developing countries have in turn opened up their countries in an attempt to boost FDI. There has been an improvement in the nature of international commerce laws which has attracted many companies to offshore production. One of the most devastating economic factors to the industry is demand. In 2007, demand in the

Task 3--Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task 3--Literature - Essay Example ..slavery...stock exchange, the advertisement, the secret police, and the bomb" (Le Guin, 1995, p. 968). The economic, social, and political freedom of the people stems from the absence of any ruling class or institutional structure (e.g. church, school, courts) that governs the daily affairs  of the city. Economically speaking, the people of Omelas live in a prosperous city which can afford "subway trains, washing machines, and all kinds of marvelous devices" but can function just as perfectly well without technological devices  (Le Guin, 1995, p. 968). Beneath this seemingly perfect city lies a moral dilemma that continuously haunts the people of Omelas. The people of Omelas, in addition, are characterized by their psychological, emotional, and moral composition. Its people are free from guilt and all forms of political and economic constraint. All of them, however, acknowledge that their happiness is entirely dependent on the suffering of a single child locked up in a broom cl oset. They feel disgust and anger upon initially learning about the child but soon accept the â€Å"terrible justice of reality† (Le Guin, 1995, p. 971). Once in a while, though, some of them leave Omelas to live with their own personal guilt rather than continue living in that morally ambiguous city.

Cowan Bowman Associates International Marketing Essay

Cowan Bowman Associates International Marketing - Essay Example At the inception of the company Cowan Bowman had the intention of developing the software for the international market. For they knew that if they supplied the products in only the domestic market, the company will have limited growth. In 1984 company launched Business package, a product developed to automate accounting functions and produce invoices and the accounting statements. The product met with immediate success leading to market development in New Zealand and Australia. 1) Business Package: This was the first software developed, in - house, by the company. It was designed to automate accounting functions and produce invoices and the statements for the medium-sized organizations with senior book keeping functions. 3) Corporate Series: This was designed as a more sophisticated package for incorporating foreign currency transactions. It was targeted at larger organizations consisting of groups of companies or subsidiaries that required a full accounting department or treasury. company were marketed only in New Zealand. The company distributed its products through its dealers; it had no direct selling strategy. The marketing strategy of the company for the softwares developed by it consisted of three-tier dealer network as follows: 3) For Corporate Series: This is the specialized software hence a small group of carefully selected, technically skilled, computer companies and chartered accountancy firms were appointed as the dea... Distribution network in New Zealand & Australia: Initially the products developed by the company were marketed only in New Zealand. The company distributed its products through its dealers; it had no direct selling strategy. The marketing strategy of the company for the softwares developed by it consisted of three-tier dealer network as follows: 1) For Trader: For distribution of Trader large numbers of computer retail shops were appointed as the dealers. 2) For Business Package: For this package a small number of computer companies and chartered accountancy firms were appointed as the dealers. 3) For Corporate Series: This is the specialized software hence a small group of carefully selected, technically skilled, computer companies and chartered accountancy firms were appointed as the dealers. Dealers did not receive title to the software; rather they received 30 - 45% commission on the sales. The same dealer network was followed in Australia. Organizational Structure of the Company: There were four distinct units within the CBA: 1) CBA- Responsible for software research and development. 2) Automation One (A1) New Zealand - Responsible for sales and marketing in New Zealand. 3) Automation One (A1) Australia- Responsible for sales and marketing in Australia. 4) Automation One Services- Responsible for custom software development and services. A1 (New Zealand) had 150 Trader dealers and 70 Business Package dealers of which 40 were very active. Dealers were responsible for selling CBA products as well as Data Flex, QED2 and Q&A. In 1990, A1 New Zealand accounted for 38% of total sales. Sales from CBA products accounted for 68% of total sales. Expansion to Australia: Cowan always wanted to internationalize his operations. When approached by the