Pain Medication Essays - Kidney Cancer, Renal Cell Carcinoma

What is Kidney Cancer? Essentials of Pathophysiology Educator Michael Huwe By: Debora Collard Presentation Kidney Cancer is when dangerous cells structure is the tissue of the kidneys. Our kidneys perform numerous life-supporting jobs. They keep our blood clean of squanders and overabundance liquid, keep up our parity of salt and minerals, manage our pulse, produce renin, erythropoietin, and nutrient D for good bone wellbeing. On the off chance that malignant growth structures in our kidneys it can likewise spread to different pieces of our body. It is significant that we know about any adjustments in our kidneys with the goal that we may get this at a beginning time. In this paper I would like to clarify the various sorts of kidney malignant growth, understanding the hazard factors, how to analyze kidney disease and how it is arranged, treatment alternatives and endurance rates and anticipation for the sickness. My dad had a kidney evacuated with kidney malignant growth when I was youthful and I needed to learn on the off chance that I may likewise be in danger and if so what I have to d o. Kinds OF KIDNEY CANCER Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most widely recognized sort of Kidney malignant growth. Harmful cells start to create in the covering of tubules in the kidneys, which them turns into a tumor. Like all tumors it will start little and after a timeframe it will turn out to be huge, however is normally just one single mass. There have been situations where the kidney contains more than one tumor and the two kidneys contain a mass. There are five subtypes of renal cell carcinoma ?Clear cell which is about 80% of RCC is the place the epithelial tumors cells are pale or straightforward when you take a gander at them under a magnifying lens. ?Papillary RCC have an unmistakable development example of finger-like projections all through the tumor. Some reasonable cell RCC can have this comparable example, however can't be analyzed as papillary RCC in view of other specialized measures. ?Chromophobe RCC resembles clear cell, however the tumor cells have straightforward cytoplasm, and have bigger cells, making them look interesting under a magnifying instrument. ?Gathering Duct Carcinoma (CDC) is uncommon and is just about 1% of kidney tumors. It is a quickly developing disease that creates in the distal gathering tubules, and it doesn't react well to fundamental treatment. ? Unclassified RCC is uncommon and isn't handily arranged. It is a sort of malignancy that doesn't fit into any of the above recorded kinds. Different Cancerous Kidney Tumors There are three kinds of different malignant tumors; Transitional cell carcinoma, Wilms tumor and Renal sarcoma. ?Transitional cell carcinoma is known as urothelial malignant growth or renal pelvis. This sort of malignant growth doesn't begin in the kidney, yet starts in the renal pelvis. It is generally brought about by smoking or being presented to certain compound in the working environment. ?Wilm?s Tumor just occurs in youngsters and are delegated positive (for the most part can be restored) and ominous (harder to fix). ?Renal Sarcoma is an uncommon kind of malignant growths that creates in the veins or connective tissue of the kidney and is otherwise called delicate tissue disease. These record for under 1% of malignancies. UNDERSTANDING KIDNEY CANCER RISK FACTORS Way of life Having a solid way of life will diminish your difference in getting kidney malignant growth. On the off chance that you smoke you are expanding your opportunity of kidney malignancy since smoking causes your corridors to solidify and limits your veins. This abatements the measure of blood that streams to your kidneys and shields them from filling in also. Smoking can likewise make you have hypertension, and this solitary aggravates it. In the event that you have diabetes and you smoke you are multiplying your opportunity of kidney malignancy, in light of the fact that these reason you to have kidney issues even sooner. Ecological There are numerous thing in our condition that are bad for our body, for example, Asbestos, Benzene and solvents, Cadmium (utilized in making batteries, plastic and other mechanical things) and herbicides. Wellbeing Factors Stoutness is a reason for Kidney Cancer, since it can make you have hypertension and diabetes. On the off chance that you have a family ancestry of Kidney Cancer you ought to be extremely cautious and have ordinary exams. Different Factors A person?s age, sexual orientation, diet and in the event that you

Information System in Taxi Cab Business

Question: Talk about the Information System in Taxi Cab Business. Answer: Presentation: Taxi Cab Business and a Case Study With the commercialization of taxi or taxi business, a few organizations have taken up taxi business inside their business structure. Besides, a few new taxi business organizations have grown up everywhere throughout the world. In Australia, one of the significant taxi business organizations that have grown up is Uber. Despite the fact that it is a remote organization, after the extension of their business, they entered Australia and from that point forward, it has become the biggest taxi specialist organization in the nation (Uber.com. 2016). The principle quality of the organization is that they effectively executed data framework in their business for offering brief assistance to the clients at any area inside the nation. Plausibility Study: Uber Case Study Analysis Specialized Aspects The specialized parts of the organization incorporate utilization of the most recent advances for the advancement of their administrations. Uber utilizes portable applications that can be gotten to by any cell phone client. The versatile applications can be utilized to book the administrations from any area (Rawley and Simcoe 2013). There is likewise a contact number that can be utilized to book benefits on the off chance that the application isn't open to any client. Monetary Aspects The organization has spent critical measure of assets for building up the portable applications just as most recent models of vehicles for the taxi administration (Myr 2013). The primary point of the organization is to give the best understanding of AC and non AC taxis to the clients. Conduct Aspects The companys taxis can be reserved from anyplace whenever. Uber gives brief client care administration just as the taxis at all conceivable chance to the clients (Yuan et al. 2013). Data System Uber offers its types of assistance utilizing the devoted cell phone applications that can be gotten to by clients without any problem. These applications are legitimately associated with Ubers own cloud server customer. In the cloud server, when the client registers for Uber, his name, area and contact subtleties are put away quickly (Zhang et al. 2015). These can be gotten to by organization specialists just for future references and security forms. The frameworks of the organizations are additionally associated with the cloud server. When an enrolled client arranges an assistance, the framework promptly investigates the areas of the close by taxis and the closest is sent to the client. All these are worked by the cloud activity administrations under the checking of the organization client care individuals (Modak et al. 2016). The client likewise has the alternative to book administration utilizing calls. For the installment reason, two alternatives are accessible to the client. Th ey can either pay in real money or have the choice of online installment (De Judicibus et al. 2013). In such manner, the client gets a free online Uber account that can be utilized for capacity of cash. At the point when the client books a help, the essential sum is consequently deducted from his record. Advantages and Risks Advantages The advantages that can be picked up by an organization for actualizing data framework in taxi business, as assessed from the contextual investigation, are as per the following: Quick Response Using an effective data framework can help the organization in giving quick reaction to the clients who have booked or questioned with respect to their administrations. Area Tracker Efficient data framework empowers the taxi business organization to find the client effectively for offering types of assistance. Contact Information The data framework additionally stores significant data of the customers that can be gotten to and utilized if there should arise an occurrence of crisis (Ding et al. 2013). Dangers Notwithstanding benefits, a few dangers are available too. These are as per the following: Data Security The security of the customers individual data framework isn't guaranteed since the cloud data framework is powerless against web security assaults. Client Safety Although the organization ensures client security during the taxi rides, it can't be guaranteed by the data arrangement of the organization. The individual practices of the taxi drivers can't be constrained by data framework also (Zhang et al. 2015). Best Method The best technique for execution of data framework in taxi business is staged strategy. This is on the grounds that, staged technique will empower the organization to present new advances and capacities bit by bit in the wake of breaking down the accomplishment of each progression. For example, the organization should initially begin a standard taxi business with a call administration (De Judicibus et al. 2013). In the event that the business is fruitful and critical incomes can be gathered, they should actualize the following stage, for example advancement of web based calling administration. After the accomplishment of this stage, they can build up the versatile application for quick and brief support of the customer. Another significant expansion in this stage will be the cloud server customer that will be valuable in putting away client data and other related archives. The fundamental bit of leeway of staged execution is that the investigation of each stage should be possible proficiently before actualizing the following stage. In addition, in the event of business disappointment, enormous misfortunes can be maintained a strategic distance from because of disappointment in just a solitary stage (Myr 2013). Another significant preferred position is that, staged usage permits space for organization to improve or update any current framework inside a period of advancement. Conceivable Time Frame A conceivable time period for the usage of data framework is as per the following: Data System Implementation Time span Dispatch of taxi business a half year Assortment of Capital 3 months Buy/Renting of Cabs 2 months Recruiting of Drivers multi month Call for Booking Service Initiation multi month Enrollment for Telecommunication Service 15 days Dispatch of Helpline Number and Service Number 15 days Web based Booking Service Implementation a half year Working of the Official Website 4 months Testing and Launch of the Website 2 months Online Payment System Activation multi month Structuring of a safe online installment framework 15 days Connecting of online exchange account with the enrolled ledger 15 days Improvement of Mobile Apps a half year Plan and Development of portable application 4 months Testing of the application 45 days Dispatch of the authority application 15 days Cloud Server Implementation 3 months Acquisition of cloud server from seller and execution of framework security 45 days Testing and Launch of the Cloud Server 45 days Client Safety System Implementation 3 months Establishment of observation gadgets in the taxis 45 days Dispatch of crisis helpline number 15 days Execution of Cab Location Tracking System multi month End and Summary From the report and the contextual investigation examination, it very well may be inferred that execution of data framework in todays taxi business is a need with developing number of online taxi administrations from various organizations around the world. Web based booking of taxis empowers the client to book administrations from anyplace whenever. Be that as it may, there are a few dangers engaged with expansion to the advantages. These dangers must be moderated and each new framework ought to be executed stage by stage so as to set up the taxi business effectively. References De Judicibus, D., Leopardi, S., Modeo, L. what's more, Pergola, N., Toshiba Global Commerce Solutions Holdings Corporation, 2013.Method and framework for made sure about exchanges over a remote system. U.S. Patent 8,352,360. Ding, Y.R., Xiong, J. what's more, Liu, H.J., 2013. The Self-Adapted Taxi Dispatch Platform Based on Geographic Information System. InEmerging Technologies for Information Systems, Computing, and Management(pp. 771-779). Springer New York. Modak, A.N., Yadav, V.R., Kumbhar, G.K. what's more, Mane, M.B., 2016. Savvy Traveler-Proficient Taxi Business Application.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(6). Myr, D., 2013.Automatic ideal cab versatile area based dispatching framework. U.S. Patent 8,442,848. Rawley, E. what's more, Simcoe, T.S., 2013. Data innovation, profitability, and resource proprietorship: Evidence from cab fleets.Organization Science,24(3), pp.831-845. Uber.com. 2016. Drive or Ride with Uber Melbourne. [online] Available at: https://www.uber.com/urban areas/melbourne/[Accessed 25 May 2016]. Yuan, N.J., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L. what's more, Xie, X., 2013. T-discoverer: A recommender framework for discovering travelers and empty taxis.Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on,25(10), pp.2390-2403. Zhang, D., He, T., Lin, S., Munir, S. what's more, Stankovic, J.A., 2015. Web based Cruising Mile Reduction in Large-Scale Taxicab Networks.Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on,26(11), pp.3122-3135.

Easy Process Analysis Essay Topics

Easy Process Analysis Essay TopicsWhen you are writing an easy process analysis essay topic, your objective is to use knowledge and experience to provide a critical analysis of a specific aspect of a company or industry. The purpose of this kind of essay is to attract the attention of the reader by providing relevant information. As such, the essay should provide enough facts and details to make a strong argument.Easy process analysis essay topics often deal with processes such as manufacturing, food processing, food preparation, the health care industry, service industries, finance, and real estate. These types of essay topics can be used in almost any type of industry. You can even use an essay on an easy process analysis topic that focuses on the manufacturing industry as long as the information is important. On the other hand, if the essay topic is geared towards the food industry, then it will require more work on your part.You may have to write an essay on these easy process an alysis essay topics in a variety of ways. You may have to prepare a survey or questionnaire about a specific process or use a generic question from a survey. There are also methods that you can use to find out which questions will be most appropriate for your situation. For example, you can use the facts about a specific process to generate a series of questions that help you develop a list of questions that you will want to include in your essay.In addition, you can also approach the survey as a conversation between you and your target audience. This will allow you to use a different approach than approaching the process as a research project. However, if you are unfamiliar with survey design, then you can either use the questionnaire or research tool on the Internet. You can also contact the manufacturer directly to obtain additional information on the survey.Writing an essay can be a difficult task if you do not have the proper tools and techniques in order to go about it. Howeve r, with a bit of practice, it is possible to write an essay about a specific process without having to employ survey questions or research materials. You simply need to ensure that you have all of the right resources.The key to writing an essay about easy process analysis essay topics is to focus on what you know. Instead of giving your essay a general overview, you should provide specific examples that will prove that you have an understanding of the issue. Since the essay is meant to be persuasive, you will need to focus on the specifics in order to convince the reader. However, this does not mean that you need to rely only on a single example.Instead, you should use your reviews examples as a guide to develop a more comprehensive and accurate argument. It is likely that you will not come up with a complete solution on your own, so you should follow the examples as they are suggested. As such, if you have several examples that relate to a particular topic, you will be able to find one that will address the problem from your point of view.Finally, when you are using the information contained in the easy process analysis essay topics, you will want to be prepared. You will want to create a review that will be persuasive. You will want to develop a review that uses an example, a list of benefits, and discussion of weaknesses.

The Critical Path for Joes Toy Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Critical Path for Joes Toy Company - Essay Example The basic way is valuable in following exercises and guaranteeing that the different periods of the undertaking happen inside the specified time limits. Since every hub in the basic way shows the culmination of a specific stage and furthermore demonstrates the different ways of movement that have been attempted for consummation of that stage, it serves to obviously recognize which components of the arrangement are as yet deficient and must be fused into the following phase of the basic way. This strategy likewise assists with completing the most significant employments first. As indicated by the basic way for Joe’s toy Company, there are sure components that might be consolidated and executed simultaneously. For instance, despite the fact that the time Joe had initially dispensed for subsidizing and finishing building is multi week each, these undertakings can happen simultaneously and be finished in multi week to pick up time. Likewise, the time required for building passes o n and apparatuses, which was anticipated to be 12 weeks could be abbreviated further by contributing all the more with the goal that work keeps during ends of the week. Further, Joe could likewise consider employing another manufacturer separated from Steve and plunging the work between them with the goal that venture time is decreased. Two separate periods of a specific program can happen simultaneously, as showed in the basic way chart. For instance, setting up the publicizing program and initiating introductory limited time endeavors can happen at the same time with the obtainment of gear and building. Likewise, two distinct stages can be interlinked â€, for example, venture subsidizing and building structure, to which promoting effort configuration may likewise be included. Investigating procedures can happen at the same time with a preparation of laborers, through interlinking in the basic path. Interlinking of tasks is helpful, primarily from the perspective of shortening the time period required for finishing of the undertakings. Since wages and pay rates paid over a more drawn out period can mean expanded costs, such interlinking is helpful in monitoring funds through ideal utilization of time. Also, sufficient time and consideration can be given to each period of the task when they are happening concurrently.â

Leadership style for Intel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Authority style for Intel - Essay Example In the main model, the organization entered totally new market and picked up predominance in this field; while in the subsequent model, Grove has indicated the world his moral convictions - the fulfillment of clients and high caliber of items were of most noteworthy significance to him. Operational condition resembled a chess playing board for Grove - he constantly foreseen what the contenders will do in light of his moves and afterward reacted to their activities. In addition, Grove was happy to impart his insight and experience to different pioneers through his works. Not a solitary other pioneer has composed such a great amount about how to balance out the change (Garten 26). In his books he discloses how to expand the efficiency of representatives regardless of what business they are working in. Forest tended to the issues quickly when they showed up. For instance, in the mid 1990s the issue of rivalry was particularly significant for the large organizations. Forest has distributed a book clarifying how the organizations should manage the little contenders who develop out of nowhere and can change the state of the business. It was his tendency to assist others with surviving available. He has driven his organization to progress and needed other to prevail also. Forest had uncommon... Intel was simultaneously huge and agile as though elephants had the option to move (Garten 26). Woods had the option to understand that size and expedient versatility were basic to the worldwide reach and has effective fused his social qualities into achievement of the organization he headed. As Grove his prominent, his most noteworthy achievement was that he had a critical influence in building up the workplace and culture at the organization and with the executives (Garten 26). Forest has committed his vocation to finding the best approach to persuade individuals. As his representatives review, is he needed something, no one reserved the option to state no. (Schlender 68). He had the capacity to ingrain in representative's longing to do things right and the best of their capacity, and workers would not like to baffle him. As it was at that point referenced, for Grove the obligations of CEO and the governing body must be isolated with everyone having their own arrangement of duties. For instance, he moved the essential crucial board from unadulterated oversight to helping the organization reignite development. At the point when he turned into the CEO Grove has changed himself and changed into another sort of a pioneer, with administration issues being moved to the governing body. In business he has demonstrated over and over an uncanny capacity to explain and upgrade complex associations, business procedures, and techniques by applying demanding gauges and setting high, unambiguous desires. However the genuine mystery of his prosperity is his capacity to reevaluate himself (Schlender 68). This is people's opinion of Grove. As he reviews, the most troublesome undertaking for him was to figure out how to be quiet. He understood that his assessment isn't generally the best and the main

Institutional Accountability Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities

Presentation Governance and responsibility is a basic idea to the advancement of states. Responsibility in administration is an indispensable practice. It supports adequacy in release of obligations and impartial designation of assets. Responsibility in various foundations has a nearby connection with the manner in which force is appropriated in associations. The loci of intensity in establishments are valuable parameters for evaluating the degree of responsibility in the organizations.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Institutional Accountability: Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decentralization of intensity is profoundly empowered in most liberal vote based systems over the world. Decentralization of intensity is showed in various administrative practices in establishments like the assignment of the organization’s obligations and duties (Brinkerhoff et al. 2009). This paper in vestigates the parts of centralization and decentralization of intensity in various organizations and how these two parts of administration empower responsibility. In this paper, it is contended that institutions’ responsibility is better achieved through scattering of intensity and the appointment of the organization’s duties instead of through centralization of intensity and control. Responsible administration in liberal majority rule governments Having referenced liberal vote based systems, it is basic to clarify how the appropriation of intensity supports responsibility in such countries. One imperative quality of liberal vote based systems in the today’s world is the high decentralization of intensity. Force and capacity to settle on choices in such nations don't lie in the hands of certain people. Liberal states’ choices are made through meetings between various arms of the legislature. This implies various arms of the legislature talk about, talk w ith one another and conscious on the issues before an official conclusion is reached (Ezzamel et al. 2007). Choices came to through conference and considerations are preferred weighed over those that are made singularly. Various bodies which intentional on the issues and think of specific proposals are likewise engaged with the execution of such choices (Brinkerhoff et al. 2009). In this way, there is a low chance of controlling choices in the center periods of usage. This empowers checks, guaranteeing that there is an equalization in the execution procedure. It is anything but difficult to recognize peculiarities in the usage of the choices as a result of the numerous onlookers checking the process.Advertising Looking for article on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Up to this point, say that liberal majority rule governments support institutions’ responsibility. Forces are decentralized from the top admin istration, leaving establishments with no other choice, however to execute such structures (Mulgan,2003). Having discussed liberal vote based systems, it is crucial to make reference to absolutist administration. Absolutist administration is the least wanted structure government in the cutting edge society. Totalitarianism implies the centralization of intensity. A couple of people are vested with dynamic force, leaving others as negligible masters of the choices came to. Channels of pondering on issues are shut settling on the vast majority elastic stamp these choices. The nature of choices is placed in risk. In this way, the degree of responsibility is regularly low in systems which don't grasp majority rules system (Trechsel,2010). Administration and responsibility in decentralized establishments Research shows that a great many people on the planet are against the incorporated arrangement of administration. There are a few purposes behind the hatred. Probably the most grounded r eason is that brought together administration executes institutional responsibility through the consolation of one-sided dynamic (Ezzamel et al. 2007). In unified administration, there is one locus of intensity. Institutional capacities are composed from a solitary point. In certain examples, all the forces to settle on key choices are left heavily influenced by one person. The consequence of this is one individual exploits the ability to settle on specific choices, which probably won't be great for the entire nation/foundation (Kaler,2002). A profound investigate the cutting edge practices of institutional administration shows that most associations grasp decentralized structure of the board. Assignment of power and duty can be followed in a more extensive scope of organizations. This is one type of decentralizing force and empowering sharing of hierarchical force and duties. This training is duplicated at practically all degrees of administration in nations that grasp popular gove rnment. Remarkable models can be followed in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia (Curtin, Mair Papadopoulos, 2010).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Institutional Accountability: Dispersion of Power and Delegation of Responsibilities explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are the benchmark areas in undoubtedly. The inquiry that ought to be posed is the means by which the decentralization of intensity and assignment of obligations adds to a higher responsibility. Another issue that ought to be examined now is the way the centralization of intensity and duties slaughters institutional responsibility. These inquiries can be adequately replied by investigating institution’s organization from two points of view †incorporated and decentralized administration (Schillemanns, 2008). Decentralized institutional administration: its job in realizing responsibility Steets (2010) saw that institutional responsibility was frequen tly estimated by the level at which organizations planed and doled out assets adequately so as to get the ideal outcomes. Responsibility implies that representatives in an establishment grasp morals in their work (Shearer, 2002). The use of decentralized standards in associations involves the redistribution of expert in institutions’ the executives. In such organizations, power is shared among various individuals. Along these lines, choices are not made by a solitary position. Every office is offered forces to concoct their own proposals that might be effective. Each area of an association has a head who drives it in thinking of choices and actualizing them utilizing the accessible assets. Maybe, one point ought to be noted here. Decentralized authority doesn't imply that there is no focal point of intensity. Various focuses of intensity exist inside an association. Be that as it may, each focal point of intensity is given self-sufficiency in various obligations. This is the place the part of obligation begins. Pioneers of offices work intimately with the organization’s individuals. Institutional laborers keep close minds one another and on the general obligations that are allocated to them (Kaler,2002). Hierarchical assignments are not left in the hands of a couple of people however disseminated among different portions of the association. Leaving the undertaking of dynamic to less individuals has various outcomes on institutions’ organization. One of the impacts is that centralization of power and obligation causes flooding. Flooding supports haphazardness in the release of institutional duties.Advertising Searching for paper on government? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In such circumstances, it is simple for a foundation to accomplish improved execution. In designation, institutional obligations are appointed to individuals over the organization so that no individual is left with a wide heap of work. This activity relies upon the capacities and aptitudes of the institution’s laborers. In this way, it is anything but difficult to limit on an individual at whatever point abnormalities happen in the establishment. Notwithstanding, oddities once in a while happen on the grounds that each individual is associated with the institution’s creation. Establishments are found regarding their capacity to serve the general public and not as far as force and strength (Hood,2010). Force is a minor component in circumstances where there is a higher assignment of obligations and duties. At the end of the day, power is supplanted by duty. Individuals endeavor to achieve their undertakings as they are liable for any errand allocated to them. Most associ ations in liberal majority rules systems flourish in the worldwide economy because of significant levels of execution. The most significant level of execution originates from the way that there is an elevated level of authoritative obligation because of assignment of obligations and duties (Steets, 2010). As per Behn (2001), various individuals contend that responsibility can even now be achieved in foundations that have concentrated tasks. Their contention is that centralization advances organization, which thus supports responsibility in foundations. While there is some weight in the contention, the greatest segment of the contention is disproved. This originates from the various investigation results. Those outcomes show that administration doesn't support responsibility. Most capacities in bureaucratic foundations are unified. Assignment of duty is an uncommon practice in such organizations. End Institutional responsibility is firmly connected with decentralized frameworks of ad ministration. This arrangement of administration is equivalent with liberal majority rule governments. Liberal vote based systems support the decentralization of intensity and designation of authoritative obligation. Most foundations in liberal vote based systems grasp the majority rule standards of the board. These standards incorporate appointment of institutional force and duties. This framework administration is equal with imperious systems. In such systems, institutionsâ?

The Mentally Ill in Prison Research Paper - 1650 Words

The Mentally I'll in Prison (Research Paper Sample) Content: The Mentally Ill in PrisonStudents nameInstitutionA prison refers to a confinement in which law breakers forcibly stay in denial of certain rights. Inmates in prison face many challenges both from fellow inmates and also from prison guards. Such stressful issues lead to the development of physical and mental trauma. The discussion below provides an insight into the mentally ill population found in correctional facilities and how the society views them. Additionally, the essay covers some of the special services provided to these people with the aid of a case study, which provides empirical evidence on the services offered. The mentally ill inmates Mental health stands as a huge problem, which faces many inmates found in correctional facilities around the globe. According to statistical data from online databanks and information gathered from interviews and surveys, America possesses the largest population of mentally ill inmates (Manderschied, 1984). The Mentally il l population fond in correction facilities, refers to people who suffer from cases such schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder (Manderschied, 1984). The mentally ill constitute the largest population of ill patients found in correction facilities. In the United States, 300000 men and women, confined in correction facilities, suffer from mental illness. Statistics show that 15 per cent of the total number of inmates found in state, local jails, and federal prisons suffer from mental illness. According to a survey carried out in womens prison called Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, 63 percent of the women served time for violent crimes and 21% due to drug and substance abuse. As of 2007, 50 per cent of the women suffered from mental illness. 30 percent suffered from major depression disorders, depression, psychotic depression and bipolar disorder (Segal, 1982). Conclusively, mentally ill inmates suffer from diverse conditions brought about by drug and substance abuse , and also cases of violence, which cause mental trauma. How does the society treat the mentally ill in prison?Both the immediate and external society impacts the lives of the mentally ill people in jail either negatively or positively. The immediate society includes fellow inmates and guards. While, the external society includes medical hospitals, nurses, psychiatrists and the immediate community. Generally, the society views criminals in a negative way. Concurrently, most people mistreat every inmate regardless of his physical or mental condition. Studies show that mentally ill people are more likely to commit crimes, in and out of prison than normal people. Consequentially, they end up arrested and taken to prison. Most prisons disregard the mental state of offenders; therefore, they end up in jail instead of psychiatric facilities. While in prison fellow inmates often tend to intimidate mentally ill prisoners by mistreating them and treating them as lunatics. The prison society regards the subject population as violent and unstable. In jail, they also get into trouble a lot due to cases of depression and lack of emotional control. Guards usually put them in solitary confinement in order to reduce cases of violence in the facilities. On the other hand, certain critics believe that mentally ill inmates need special care and not punishment. A section of the society believes that the mentally ill need psychological care and also requires psychiatric care in the respective facilities. Convincingly,the majority of the society ignores the mental condition of inmates with disorders, which leads to negative thoughts and treatment towards the mentally ill. A minority of the population, however, believes that mental disorder cases in prison require special care not punishment in prison. Do facilities provide services to the mentally ill? What kind of services?Prisoners are prevalent to psychiatric morbidity. Prison environments do not provide a suitable environment for mental health care; mentally ill prisoners stand vulnerable to deterioration in a positive mental state. Most correction facilities lack the proper equipment to provide the necessary palliative care required in treating mental health issues. Moreover, jails lack enough number of specialized personnel required in treating and caring for the mentally ill. Sick patients require constant monitoring and treatment from psychiatrist, psychologists, nurses and mental therapists. However, prisons find it expensive to consider such expenses in their budget. On the other hand, several facilities find it appropriate to provide care towards the ill prisoners. They believe that every human being has a right to health care regardless of being a criminal or not. In the world of technology today, several correction facilities provide Tele-psychiatric care to its inmates. Tele- psychiatry is an easy and cheap way of providing mental health care services to mentally ill inmates. Through the se rvices provided, inmates get the opportunity to have easy and regular access to psychiatric treatment and frequent monitoring of patients by doctors. Besides cutting costs, Tele-psychiatry resolves the distance and travelling problems faced by facilities. Additionally, it reduces overhead costs on transport. A number of guidelines make this form of mental health care among the best so far, which include:Correctional facilities should provide mentally ill prisoners with mental health services non-discriminatively. Facilities should provide comprehensive, holistic, and gender appropriate mental health services. Mechanisms are implemented to monitor the consistency of evaluation and delivery of services to mentally ill prisoners. Appropriate use of time by inmates, including recreational programs for the mentally ill, which will assist in building a healthy stress free life (Perm, 2013). How does Tele-psychiatry work? It works similarly to teleconferencing. The health service team comm unicates with the patient through the television or computer via the internet. The psychological nature of mental health care services supports Tele-psychiatry since the patient and the doctor only need to verbally communicate. Other forms of services provided include overall care and special concern for prisoners with mental disorders. As mentioned earlier, human being needs medical attention. Access to proper and quality medical health care forms part of the constitutional human right law (Philips, 2007). As a service, the human rights system ensures that patients with psychological disorders seek and gain access to quality psychiatric care. Furthermore, instead of imprisoning them, the system aims at placing such law breakers in full mental facilities with the correct equipment and personnel required in providing the necessary treatment. Prison facilities also initiate set programs such as handcraft making, agriculture and other extracurricular activities that aim at reduction of depression among ill inmates. The facility management sets competition programs that also include psychologically ill inmates in order to reduce isolation and the feeling of segregation from the rest of the population. Although most people think it is inappropriate to put mentally unstable people together with normal people, psychological science states that integration with the rest of the community improves social skills. The ability to socialize makes ill patients feel as part of the community and also enables them to partially fit in. Case study on mental illnessThe American Psychiatric Association has conducted several researches based on mental illness cases found in the United States. There is a high rise in the number of mentally ill patients found within Canadian and American correction facilities. In British Columbia, 31.7% of inmates in federal penitentiaries suffer from psychological disorders with 12 per cent diagnosed with psychotic disorder (Metzner, 2010). One major reason that has led to the increase in mental illness among inmates is the treatment and isolation of already mentally ill patients, while in prison. Several questions emerge in a bid to understand why mentally ill people should be placed in prison instead of a mental health facility. Medical practitioners found in American federal prisons face a dual loyalty dilemma both to their superiors and their personal oath. Rules and regulations set by prison administration makes it difficult for physicians to work in U.S prisons. The laws prevent regular palliative care to inmates and also constant monitoring. Solitary confinement is another common administrative feature found in American prisons. Prison guards usually confine violent and disruptive inmates in isolated rooms away from the rest. Most mentally ill people end up in solitary...

Essay Samples For Radiation Therapy Program - How to Write Them and Use Them For Your Career

Essay Samples For Radiation Therapy Program - How to Write Them and Use Them For Your CareerMany students nowadays find it necessary to write essays for radiation therapy program. This is because students get a lot of use from it as they prepare for the next phase of their medical career. The essay is used in many ways, such as preparing a good impression on their professors and convincing them to give them higher priority. As most people prefer to do that using a written word, some companies even provide essay samples for radiation therapy program.However, the most remarkable and wonderful essay samples for radiation therapy program is if you are planning to write a cover letter. This is one of the best ways for you to prepare your resume. You will get a chance to put up what you really want in your prospective employer. In addition, it will be one of the best tool to sell yourself to a particular company.One of the essay samples for radiation therapy program is if you plan to send it through the post. This is very convenient because you will receive your essay sample without actually having to write one on your own.If you find this type of service useful, you have to take advantage of this great use for the essay samples. This is the perfect opportunity for you to put forward your views and ideas, which you think is really valuable for your potential employer. You can also promote yourself, your skills and experience.In addition, many companies are interested in hiring more individuals who are knowledgeable and educated in areas that are related to their business. If you are a proficient essay writer, this is one of the best occasions to showcase what you can do for a company. It will also be an opportunity for you to show your values and morals. That is why this is considered as one of the best samples for radiation therapy program.When looking for essay samples for radiation therapy program, make sure that you make use of the services of writing professiona l writers who are at the top of their field. This is one of the most practical way to get the best essay samples for your career. They have numerous resources and skills in handling highly lucrative assignments.Freelance writers will help you get a job for less money. Therefore, you will no longer have to worry about being low on funds and have to struggle to be employed. They will complete any assignment without any hassles, so that you can focus on other important things in your life.

Relationship Between The Principle Of Utility And Moral Rules

Evaluate Mill’s understanding of the relationship between the principle of utility and moral rules. In this essay I will argue that Mill thinks that there is a strong relationship between the two concepts, although he regards moral rules as having a subordinate relationship towards the principle of utility. Mill is a rule utilitarian who believes moral rules are useful guidelines for everyday uses, but reverts to the principle of utility in complex moral situations. In this essay I will also argue for the advantages of Mill’s understanding of the relationship between the two concepts as it incorporates religious moral rules, helps prevent ‘evil’ acts, and creates an ethical theory suitable and practical for daily use. Mill’s predecessor, Jeremy Bentham is an act utilitarian who looks at the consequences of each individual act and calculates utility each time the act is performed. In contrast, Mill is a rule utilitarian who introduces the idea of secondary principles which we should adopt in order to guide our actions and which support the primary ‘greatest happiness’ principle. These rules are adopted because experience has shown that adherence to these rules tends to produce the greatest happiness as he looks at the consequences of having everyone follow a particular rule and calculates the overall utility of accepting or rejecting the rule. However, you can break the rule if certain consequences require it as the aim for the greater good is the most important. You mayShow MoreRelatedThe Similarities and Differences Between Different Ethical Theories651 Words   |  3 PagesSimilarities and Differences in Ethics: The main aim of any ethical theory is to do what is right and good since it involves moral rules or acting based on specific ethical values. In certain cases, the right and good as well as the ethical rules and values are sometimes common to various ethical theories. Even though ethical theories have different reasons for application, there is an overlap in these theories that result in similar conduct in an ethical situation. There are various ethical theoriesRead MoreSimilarity Between Religion And Utilitarianism813 Words   |  4 Pagessimilarities between religion and utilitarian, religion is not utilitarian. The basic idea of utilitarianism is hat actions are judged according to their consequences and the relevant consequence of every action is happiness. There is a similarity between religion and utilitarianism. For example, love includes wanting happiness and religious principles such as loving others the way you love yourself and doing to others what you expect them to you are founded on utilitarian principles. The ultimateRead MoreBroad-Based Blac Economic Empowerment996 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences of BBBEE and other affirmative action tools implemented by the South African Government, and the role of these measures in the present and future workplace. Stakeholder Theory Stakeholder theory states that managers within a company have a moral duty beyond merely maximizing profits and not involving potential role players (Beauchamp 2009). It says that a manager has ethical obligations to help all stakeholders within a company as well as external stakeholders. These stakeholders includeRead MoreAnalyzing the Parable of the Sadhu1559 Words   |  7 PagesHence it becomes ambiguous to justify his actions. Kantian Ethics: Should abide by the following 2 principles: *Maxim should become a universal law *Never treat people simply as means to an end but always at the same time as ends in themselves In the parable, Stephen says that the hikers would have treated the Sadhu differently if he had been from the same ethnic group as them. However Kantian principle forbids such behaviour. One should treat all equally irrespective of ethnicity, caste, sex etcRead MoreThe Connection Between Law And Morality1718 Words   |  7 Pagespopular conception of the connection between law and morality is that in some way the law exists to promote morality, to preserve those conditions which make the moral life possible, and thus to enable men to lead sober and industrious lives. Morality is a value-impregnated concept relating to certain normative patterns which aim at the augmentation of good and reduction of evil on individual and social life. The sphere of morality denotes rules or principles governing human behaviour which applyRead MoreThe Ethical Theory Of Ethics898 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics also known as moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves the classification, defense and endorsement of concepts of right and wrong actions that govern an individual’s behavior. Based on the â€Å"Billy and Suzy† scenario from a utilitarian ethical perspective, I would choose to follow Billy to ensure that nothing transpires between him and the lady he left the bar with. The best action to take would be to follow him and ensure that he does not leave for the night with the lady.Read MoreThree Approaches to Making Ethical Decisions Within an Educational Institution1700 Words   |  7 Pageseducational institutions. Philosophical, s ocial and moral principles and values accentuate ethical decision-making and shape the foundation for understanding the relationship between an individuals values and decisions made in educational institutions. Administrating what an individual knows is right is not always straightforward, and determining what is right is often difficult (Beckner, 2004). An exact collection of ethical principles and moral concepts in decision-making does not exist. An understandingRead MoreFeminist Thought and Ethics of Care Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagescare, an equally valid moral perspective, is usually disregarded because of male bias. The two perspectives are often pleasant-sounding, but a need for care point of view precedence exists. While truth is evident in both these statements, the problem of distinguishing between them becomes apparent soon after. Many feminist look to psychologist Carol Gilligans research for evidence to confirm the difference between characteristically male and female approaches to moral decision making. Her researchRead MoreCustomer Perception on Buying House5873 Words   |  24 PagesPrinciples of Ethical Reasoning Adapted from Business Ethics, Concepts and Cases: Manuel Velasquez (2006) Prentice Hall Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a general term for any view that holds that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will impose on society. In any situation, the â€Å"right† action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs (when all alternatives have only net costs). Many businessesRead MoreEthical Theories And Principles Of Medical Ethics Essay2030 Words   |  9 PagesMedical Ethics PHIL 148 @ Binghamton University, Sum 11 By Brandon Ethical Theories and Principles This week we covered the various ethical theories and principles we will be using throughout the course. Test your knowledge of the readings using the quiz. Instructions Each week a quiz will be provided on the second Reading Day (Tuesday. Don t let this practice quiz on a Friday throw you off!). You can use this quiz to test your textual knowledge and reading abilities and to guarantee a firm foundation

Addiction Coffee And Energy Drinks - 914 Words

Addiction comes in many forms, whether to drugs or electronics, but as time progresses, coffee and energy drinks have become one of American’s top addiction. Both drinks are consumed on a daily basis by many to help with their workload and to boost their energy levels. Although, coffee and energy drinks share some similarities, they differ to some extent. Majority of the things we consume is bad in some way, as both coffee and energy drinks affect our health. Coffee, although natural could lead to negative health problems later on in life. Consuming such a beverage could raise the blood pressure of those who already suffer from it, higher and those who do not suffer from such illness. The caffeine found in coffee could cause blood vessels to contract and increase the risk of high blood pressure. Moreover, energy drinks could increase blood pressure in individuals who are already prone to the illness, often times expose their body to other health issues such as stroke and hyper tension. Those who do not consume caffeine on a regular basis are also likely to increase their blood pressure. The caffeine found in this drink if consumed by young children could later, result in abnormal heart rhythms as their body is too young to handle such consumption. The caffeine and sugar content of both provides in takers with a boost of energy. Coffee is consumed by many in order to give them a boost to stay alert throughout the day. This beverage is often used to help individuals, stay upShow MoreRelatedAddiction : Coffee And Energy Drinks990 Words   |  4 PagesAddiction comes in many form, whether to drugs or electronics, but as time progresses, coffee and energy drinks have become one of American’s top addictions. Both drinks are consumed on a daily basis by many to help with their workload and to boost their energy levels. Although, coffee and energy drinks share some health issues, alteration of moods, and provision of energy, they differ in the amount of s ugar and caffeine they contain. Coffee is a brewed drink made from roasted coffee beans. ThisRead MoreThe Substance Of The Coffee Plant Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesThe substance that I chose to research was coffee; the amazingly tasteful, warm, and energizing drink that we all know and love. Coffee has some great benefits, but the issue is, people tend to talk about how great this beverage is, when really it is no greater than an illegal drug. It is a drink that is used for general conversation, what people drink to start the day, or a way to catch up with a long lost friend at a local Starbucks. Throughout this paper, I am going to summarize my research andRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Caffeine1353 Words   |  6 Pagescause death if used way that not meant for your body. About 85 percent of the U.S. population that’s an adult drinks about three cups of coffee a day and that’s not even counting soda or energy drinks. Caffeine has been around for more than a thousand years and we still donâ⠂¬â„¢t understand everything about what it does for us. There are people who will argue if caffeine is an actual addiction or if it’s even healthy till this day. With all the information gather over the last one thousand years thereRead MoreCoffee And An Injection Full Of Coffee Beans1519 Words   |  7 PagesSlide #1: Cup of coffee w/an injection full of coffee beans Health Canada states that 60 percent of Canadian adults take in caffeine through coffee, while 30 percent get their fix with tea. The remaining 10 percent of Canadians consumption of caffeine comes from pop, energy drinks, chocolate and medications [Best Health Mag]. Coffee drinkers can suffer from the draining side effects of a drug they didn’t realize they were taking daily; Caffeine.This is a big issue in today’s society and affectingRead MoreMy Addiction Assignment On Coffee Essay1252 Words   |  6 PagesHamda Awawdeh Psychology 2000 My Addiction I decided to do my addiction assignment on coffee. I have chosen coffee because I can never go a day without it. I usually drink coffee around three times a day, one cup in the morning, one in the afternoon, and one in the evening. My sisters always think that I’m going overboard with how much coffee I drink. It helps me wake up and feel more energized, which helps me throughout the day. I feel like my coffee addiction started when I began to go to collegeRead MoreThe Chemistry Of Energy Drinks1135 Words   |  5 PagesEnergy drinks are soda-like beverages that are chemically designed to boost your energy, performance, and increase stamina. Most of these drinks contain caffeine, sugar and many other ingredients including taurine, guarana, and ginseng. These products are generally marketed toward teanagers, students, athletes, and active people in general. As the popularity of these drinks increases so does the amount of reports they are receiving about the dangers of drinking these caffeinated substances. EnergyRead MoreThe Effects Of Caffeinated Beverages On The Body1046 Words   |  5 Pages caffeinated beverages at restaurants, movie theaters, gas stations, and various other places. But the people who absent mindedly sip the drink, and they are unaware of how the caffeinated beverage affects their body. Caffeinated beverages lead to negative effects on the body such as obesity, diabetes, and teeth and bone decay. Although caffeinated drinks may be pleasing to consume, they often leads to obesity and diabetes. Beverages containing caffeine, such as soda, consist of large amountsRead MoreSugar High Energy Drinks Are Everywhere1435 Words   |  6 PagesSugar High Energy drinks are everywhere. You see them in stores, you see them in vending machines, you see them on television, and you see them in the palms of the hands of those you may know. There like, a candy bar to a kid. Almost everyone one is popping them in their mouth! However, energy drinks is a drink that is suppose to give you a boost of energy right after you drink it. It’s known to make you alert. Although, no one is really told by ads all over that represent these â€Å"energy drink† the seriousRead MoreEssay On Caffeine1454 Words   |  6 Pagescould possibly be worsened by the use of caffeine or products with. In young adults drinking 4 or more cups of coffee significantly could risk heart attack and death. Coffee could stain someone’s teeth, it is also acidic so it can break down someones teeth and cause decay; removing the coffee from the daily cycle can greatly stop this.(20+ Harmful Effects of Caffeine) Drinking energy drinks could cause upset stomach and vomiting; It could also lead to a stress hormone release. Two hundred and fortyRead MoreCaffeine Is A Good Source Of Energy1261 Words   |  6 Pages Caffeine is a good source of energy. People drink caffeine such as coffee and energy drinks to help them stay awake and get throughout their day. Caffeine is a naturally occurring chemical stimulant called Trimethylxanthine. The chemical formula for caffeine is C8H10N402. There are many different types of caffeine. It is used in many different ways and is in the food and drinks we digest today. One of the most popular sources of caffeine today is tea. The first tea cup was brewed in 2732 B

Music Therapy And Its Effects On Adolescents With...

Meghan Stavig Info470 AE Music Therapy and its’ Affects on Adolescents with Behavioral Issues Music is known to elicit responses, both physiological and emotional, in people with or without special needs. There is well-documented research to put into words the complex relation between music, emotion, and physiologic arousal. This knowledge is being used in adolescent music therapy to encourage the expression of feelings as well as the engagement of social interactions. In this review I’ll first describe emotional regulation and what it means to deviate from the norm, then describe a primary candidate for music therapy intervention. I will then further explain music therapy as a practice and its’ goals to increase attention and†¦show more content†¦Music therapy is often sought out after psychopharmacologic treatments have been unsuccessful. These situations often include working with individuals who present negative emotions, poor social interactions, low motivation, and flattened or blunted personalities (Yinger, O. S., Gooding, L. 2014). Classifying a child with special needs may vary from country to country, but children with these characteristics along with a professional diagnosis are at an increased risk for chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional conditions, which require health-care related services and/or specialized institutions (Constantin 2015). Roughly 20% of music therapists identify with working in the mental health setting; the largest subset of a single specific client population (Yinger, O. S., Gooding, L. 2014). Although they may use different approaches in treatment options, such as cognitive-behavioral, behavioral, humanistic, or psychodynamic, this area of study shares a set of common goals. These goals include socialization, communication, self-esteem, coping skills, and stress management/reduction (Yinger, O. S., Gooding, L. 2014). Previous research suggests that group work is the prevalent delivery model for music therapy in mental health settings. It is effective in promoting group cohesion, interaction, and emotional expression, and has shown to be

International Politics Mid Term Exam - 724 Words

L. Paredes-Manfredi VCC INR 2002 INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Mid-Term Exam Answer two of the following questions in an approximately 1 to 1 1/2 page essays each. Be sure to Spell and Grammar check. Use your texts to make citations supporting your essays. No additional research beyond the text is necessary. Each essay is 50 points, total test 100 points. SELECT TWO QUESTIONS ONLY: 1. Explain why it is important to understand the evolution of the world’s international system in order to understand our transition to the twenty-first century. 2. Identify the contributions of realism, Liberaism and peace studies approaches to the study of International Relations. Use concrete examples to support your claims. 3. What national values and beliefs contribute to defining American Interests? What linkage can be drawn between these and our behavior abroad? 4. Can there eventually be Arab-Israeli peace? How? What role can the United States play in the peace process? 5. What is the relationship between democracy and economics? Why has the Global South tended toward socialism and statism? Taylor Bullock International Politics Mid-Term Explain why it is important to understand the evolution of the world’s international system in order to understand our transition to the twenty-first century? The evolution of the international system has come a long way in today’s world. The world’s international system has changed drastically with everything from technologyShow MoreRelatedComparison and Contrast Uk and Russia Essay1209 Words   |  5 Pagestwo countries that have different cultures, economics, and politics, Russia and United Kingdom have developed their own education systems respectively, which have their differences and in certain circumstances similarities. In the paragraphs that follow, some major aspect of these will be covered. This essay will present the main structures of the education systems in both countries and will compare and contrast the two systems in terms of number of taught subjects, the structure of educational institutesRead MoreThe South Is Seen As A Romanticize Version Of The United States1202 Words   |  5 PagesMid-Term Exam #3 The South is seen as a romanticize version of the United States. A place where virtue, honor, and strong religious morals were upheld in common society. However, the recurring themes that the South would have the role of being the ongoing rebel against most national policies that gave any sign of hindering their way of life, the concept of individualism, yet keeping its own societal identity. From the Revolutionary War onwards, the South has been developed as the shining exampleRead MoreOne Day I Will Write about This Place by Binyavanga Wainaina Essay1789 Words   |  8 Pagesauthor grows the politics ever-imposing forces Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya, of Daniel arap Moi, the second president of Kenya, and the mentally present but psychically distant Idi Amin forces Wainaina to face the oppressive and influential role of Kenyan politics in everyday situations. Through these difficulties, however, Wainaina will embrace the idea of Pan-Africanism Binyavanga Wainaina was born in Naruku, Kenya in 1971. His mother’s life tormented by politics back in her himRead MoreDemocracy in Iran and Turkey Essays2319 Words   |  10 Pagesand Turkey, from 1900 to the Present. Name: Institution: Date: Please write on top of each of your exams its exact title as its appear below, making sure your answers are itemized (i.e., answer the points ONE BY ONE, and not combine them).  ITEMIZE YOUR ANSWERS   Mid Term Exam Compare and contrast the evolution of democracy in Iran and Turkey, from 1900 to present.  In process of writing your exam, you must provide the following A history of democratization process in  (1)  Iran (two pages) ComparisonRead MorePHL 612: Philosophy of Law5882 Words   |  24 Pagesregulation of human behaviour, for instance in matters of sexual morality. Grading Scheme: Course Evaluation: Grades will be determined in the following manner: Task Value Date Midterm Test 25% Week 7 Essay Assignment* 30% Week 11 (March 28) Final Exam 45% TBA *Essay Assignment will be 1750 - 2250 words (Approximately 7 - 9 pages) OR Alternative Community-based/ Service Learning Opportunity Marks for assignments will be posted on Course Website on Blackboard Any alterations in any of the aboveRead MoreHDFS 145 Final Study Guide3433 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿HDFS 145 Final Exam Study Guide EXAM 1 Family Types Single-parent and step-families Usually headed by mothers 85% Divorced/likely she has never been married Two-provider families (patriarchy – father runs) Traditional family Married couple, (father/mother and children) Family of procreation Father works, mother stays at home Married/Cohabitation couples who both work Over 50% of mothers with children under one year work at least part-time US Census definition of marriage Two or moreRead MoreIn What Ways Do Social Class, Gender and Ethnicity Intersect with Educational Attainment and Participation? Provide Some Examples to Illustrate.1887 Words   |  8 Pageshave a major impact on education and intersect with not only attendance, but with personal achievement too. Since the industrial revolution in the mid 1700s, our world has changed dramatically. Education, through new technologies and the creation of new jobs, has become a compulsory and necessary part of our lives. With focus on economy, politics and individualization rather than the traditional household and religious roles of life, we have become much more dependent on knowledge, as educationRead MoreIn What Ways Do Social Class, Gender and Ethnicity Intersect with Educational Attainment and Participation? Provide Some Examples to Illustrate.1895 Words   |  8 Pageshave a major impact on education and intersect with not only attendance, but with personal achievement too. Since the industrial revolution in the mid 1700s, our world has changed dramatically. Education, through new technologies and the creation of new jobs, has become a compulsory and necessary part of our lives. With focus on economy, politics and individualization rather than the traditional household and religious roles of life, we have become much more dependent on knowledge, as educationRead MoreHistory of Education3755 Words   |  16 Pagesareas, and girls in education. It was essentially a period of stagnation from the point of view of any development by government, or any change in attitude from the public towards education. Children were needed on farms to make ends meet. From the mid-sixties onwards however, things began to change. Over the course of the paper I hope to show how the general public understanding of and attitude towards education changed. I will discuss how the government’s attitude towards education also changedRead MoreHistory of Education3763 Words   |  16 Pagesareas, and girls in education. It was essentially a period of stagnation from the point of view of any development by government, or any change in attitude from the public towards education. Children were needed on farms to make ends meet. From the mid-sixties onwards however, things began to change. Over the course of the paper I hope to show how the general public understanding of and attitude towards education changed. I will discuss how the government’s attitude towards education also changed

Motivation Factor and Organizational Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Motivation Factor and Organizational Effectiveness. Answer: Introduction Managing for performance is a strategy that enables employees to raise their potential through an ongoing process developed by management to unleash employee potentials. Research has shown that a combination of management and employee needs can lead to the best results in an organisation setting. The performance-based manager focuses on employee motivation, engagement and productivity. Through such features, managers ensure that they get the best from their employees to be able to meet organisational objectives. This report is analysed the managing for performance case study focusing on new work place practises, organisational changes and an understanding of blue collar and white collar unions. The new manager of the transport company had good leadership skills, and in his work various issues were realized by other employees. When he joined the company, he embarked on, Communication on the performance of the yard, training of employees in the organization, occupational health and safety activities, and he dealt with problems in an amicable manner. Yusuf, Eliyana, Sari (2012) Argues that, communication and information sharing is a safety practice that increases awareness, promotes importance of individual and interdependence safe work and promotes mutual trust between parties in the organization. This will improve the organizational image and hence promote good performance. Occupational health and safety: safe worker procedures help employees to execute their task successfully and free of from injuries and accidents. This gives clarity on how they are supposed to work and if there are no such procedures the employee will guess what they are supposed to do thus taking either a wrong direction. Role clarity is associated with safety performance of the organization. Crossman Abou (2003) add that the manger needs to develop strategies that seek to maintain and promote high degree of mental and social wellbeing of workers. The new manager dealt with reducing risk in the organization by introducing new trucks, ensured that the transport drivers adapted to their work through organized industrial training to equip them with relevant skills,. Through constant communication with the drivers the new manager developed a strong bond with the drivers which increased their trust in his management style. This promoted mutual trust and good relationship among parties t hus good performance of the company. Motivation: Motivational theorists have suggested that it plays a key role in unleashing the potentials of employees. Managers have to utilize strategies that can motivate and inspire employees to meet their objectives and goals. The new manager bought the uniform to the employees he constantly communicated to the concerning the all issues that were being done. A suggested by Quratul-Ain Manzoor (2011), by appreciating the employees for the work they do and involving them in decision making, they will be internally satisfied with the job, organization and the environment and thus work towards accomplishing the task. So through motivation the organizational performance goes up. And employees will always appreciate working for that organization. Training: training gives new skills, and ideas to the employee on the duties they carryout. It also builds the capacity of the employee to accomplish the work under minimal supervision. As a human resource manager it is your duties and responsibility to make sure that the employees get the necessary skills, for the duties assigned. A suggested by Khan, Farooq, Ullah (2010) training of employees will enable them to understand how their effort fits into their companies, thus by training will maintain the industry on path. Yusuf, Eliyana, Sari (2012) States that training enhances both technical and interpersonal skills, among the employees which can lead to more competent and reliable behavior. When the behavior changes, trust among the workforce is enhanced which final lead to cooperation and information sharing. Therefore the new workplace practices that were introduced by the manager, were all working towards promote the company performance and reputations through sense of togetherness and proper skill for the work. Shuklab(2012) argues that communication is essential for successful change in management this will encourage the employees for desired change through addressing the apprehension and issues related to them. This enabled him to learn more of the issues that were affecting the organization rather than taking up an informed decision by blaming the employees (Connolly, Conlon, Deutsch, 2008). Management style determines the vision of the organization as an important step in the management of the image. Nyambegera Gicheru (2016) Suggest that, managers should promote a positive image of the organization by ensuring that employee are motivated to work. Therefore communication determined the training that led to occupational health and safety. All this was through his good leadership t echnique and approach when he joined the organization Organizational change entails strategies aimed at meeting the needs of the organization and putting strategies in place to ensure that the organization can overcome the force and challenges associated with it. When George or manager moves on there will be risks experienced by the organization change (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble, 2005). These effects include loss of good will, resistances by employees, loss of valuable employees. Loss of good will: organizational image is cultivated by a manager and promoted by the employees. The manager that will take up the organization may not have the same leadership techniques as the prior. Leadership promotes the reputation of the organization and motivates the workers. Greenberg Baron (2003) state that organisational change may not be perceived positively by all and thus there will be a high risk of image change due to employee turnover. And as a result we may lose the key suppliers and customers. When we loss the customers our revenue also goes down and hence high chances of getting losses in our operations. Resistance from employees: resistance to change is a perceived reaction that employees display when they feel that the changes may affect the status quo at work. Kumar Shilpa (2013) add that changes have an overall effect on the employee and thus if the changes are not introduced well, deep resistance will be witnessed from employees. The new manager that will replace the current one may come up with different management styles that may need new changes to the organization. As a result employees may resist as they may be worried of the new developments that is the new procedures that are brought in with this change. Among the contributing factors for resistance we have a fear of losing the jobs especially if the system is automated, So if not well managed there will be strikes which may also involve damages to property that and loss of valuable assets. New demands by employee: the strategies put in place by George and the new manager has not been documented to become part of the organizational policy. When they move on, employees may raise new demands that are related to the work that they do and the performance that they are benefiting the organization. If the demands of employees are not met, then the performance of the organization will go down and hence the value and revenue reduces thus leading to losses and even collapse of the organization in some instances. When the employees leave we are also supposed to recruit new ones who will again need to be trained and also be introduced to the customer before the can be accepted market (Greenberg Baron, 2003). All these activities involve the cost and therefore there will be a lot of money wasted on the same. In the modern employment world unions play a key role in shaping the employment sector and demanding better conditions for workers. Today all employers are required to allow their employees to join unions that they believe can champion for their rights(Pontusson, 2013). However, amalgamation of unions in Australia has led to the question of whether blue collar or white collar unions play a better role in their task. Despite the decline in union membership in the past, it is evident that worker needs vary from employer to employer which makes it difficult to have a standard union that features all employees. The history of blue collar unions has been collective bargaining for better job opportunities unlike in the white collar sector where thresholds exist for graduates. According to Peetz Bailey ( 2012) the changing nature of jobs and the reduction of blue collar jobs have reduced the role that blue collar jobs play. This has led to the disappearance of the blue collar working class which was the main force behind the unions. Western Rosenfeld (2011) suggest that in todays world labor is controlled by the political class who pursue power for their own sake. This ruling class has interests both in public and the private sector which may be affected by the power of unions. This class ensures that unions are not as stable as they used to be given the fact that blue collar jobs are the makers of the economy. Since white collar jobs have easily identified thresholds, it becomes easy to manipulate the blue collar section thus making it difficult for workers in the sector to benefit from the union. The demise of blue collar unions was characterized by the period of the 1990s where they started engaging in politics due to the developed advocacy levels that they had achieved. This made unions lose their role since the government intervened and sought to establish worker conditions through regulation by the Howard government which was described as a conspiracy attack (Lyons, 2014). Today most blue collar unions in Australia have remained a shadow of themselves with membership slowly falling below the increases in the workforce. Stilwell Jordan (2007)adds that Australia has been characterized by competitive product markets and weaker union density making white collar unions play a bigger role more than blue collar unions. Today they have been regulated to lobby groups where they play the role of organized groups when it comes to workers needs. Therefore, white collar unions play a bigger role in meeting worker needs as compared to blue collar unions. Conclusion Form the case study; it is evident that managing work relation is an important element in organizational success and employee satisfaction. Different management styles have been proposed but the paramount factor remains meeting the well-being of employees through creating conditions that motivate and empower employees to perform their duties. The new manager was focused on developing strategies that can keep employees on duty and ensure that they are satisfied with their work. Worker unions play an important role in meeting the needs of employees but they do not motivate or increase productivity of employees. Productivity and motivation remain the role of management and thus the human resource manager needs to ensure that employees are satisfied with their work. Works Cited Connolly, T., Conlon, E., Deutsch, S. (2008). Organizational effectiveness: a multiple constituency approach. Academy of Management Review,, 5, 211-217. Crossman, A., Abou, B. (2003). Research Note : Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance of Lebanese Banking Staff. ournal of Managerial Psychology, 18(4), 368-376. Greenberg, J., Baron, A. (2003). Behaviour in Organizations. Strategic management Journal, 8, 121-127. Khan, K. U., Farooq, S. U., Ullah, M. I. (2010). The Relationship between Rewards and Employee Motivation in Commercial Banks of Pakistan. Research Journal of International Studies, 14, 37-52. Kumar, M., Shilpa, S. (2013). Leadership Management: Principles, Models and Theories. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(3), 309-318. Lyons, T. (2014, July 28). The royal commission into trade unions is a political witch hunt. Guardian. Nyambegera, S. M., Gicheru, C. N. (2016). Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors Influencing Employee Motivation: Lessons from AMREF Health Africa in Kenya. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 6(9). Peetz, D., Bailey, J. (2012). Dancing alone: The Australian union movement over three decades. Journal of Industrial Relations, 54(4), 524541. Pontusson, J. (2013). Unionization, Inequality and Redistribution. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 51(4), 797825. Quratul-Ain Manzoor. (2011). Impact of Employees Motivation on Organizational . Business Management and Strategy , 9. Shukla, N. K. (2012). How motivation factor affect the organizational effectiveness. International journal of management research and review, 2(3), 430-435. Stilwell, F., Jordan, K. ( 2007). Who Gets What? Analysing Economic Inequality in Australia. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Thompson, A. A., Strickland, A. J., Gamble, J. E. (2005). Crafting and executing strategy: The quest for competitive advantage: Concepts and case (4th ed.). Irwin: McGraw Hill. Western, B., Rosenfeld, J. (2011). Unions, norms, and the rise in U.S. wage inequality. American Sociological Review, 78(4), 513537. Yusuf, R. M., Eliyana, A., Sari, O. N. (2012). The Influence of Occupational Safety and Health on Performance with Job Satisfaction as Intervening Variables (Study on the Production Employees in PT. Mahakarya Rotanindo, Gresik. American Journal of Economics, 136-1 40.

The Outsiders by S E Hinton Essay Example For Students

The Outsiders by S E Hinton Essay The novel I have read was called The Outsiders by S E Hinton who is one of Americas most successful authors for young people. Indeed she wrote the book when her friend, who was a Greaser, got jumped, indeed started it when she was fifteen years old. Themes concerned friendship, the meaning of true family love, gang rivalry and growing up.  The plot was about the Greasers who are poor and usually wear leather jackets from the East side, and rich kids from the West side their natural enemies. The central character was Ponyboy who was only fourteen years old, and since his parents died in a car crash big brother Darry has struggled to bring him up properly. Ponys real family is his gang, a bunch of tough guys who watch out for each other. Darry too was important, 20 years old who is referred to as tough, cool and smart. Ponyboy has another brother called Sodapop who is 17 years old and was  Movie star kind of handsome who dropped out from the college to work in a gasoline station called DX. Ponyboys best friend is the vital Johnny who is 16 years old but whose dad was always beating him up. He was the gangs pet so he gets loved by everyone especially Dallas who was 17 years old and. The real character of the gang because he is tougher, colder and meaner so he could be referred as a hood. A minor character was Two bit Matthews, who is 21 years old and famous for shoplifting. There was also a girl that Dallas and Ponyboy are in love with, Cherry Vallance she was a crucial supporting role.  An early but crucial incident was when Darry had hit Ponyboy he had ran to the park (with Johnny) to cool off but the same Socs they had met outside of the cinema,(and they looked really drunk) appeared. They shouted abuse at Ponyboy and Johnny and they stepped closer and said You know what a Greaser is? White trash with long hair Ponyboy was getting angry so he replied  You know what a Soc is? White trash with Mustangs and Madras. Then the Socs grabbed Ponyboy and tried to drown him in the fountain, so Johnny stabbed Bob with a knife he had in his back pocket, and the rest of the Socs ran away.  Another part was when Ponyboy and Johnny were in an abandoned church on top of Jay mountain (Dally had given them 50dollars and a loaded gun and told them to wait there till he came. They decided to cut their hair to keep a low profile. Then just after a week Dally came and told them that they could come home now. However just as they were on leaving Ponyboy saw the church on fire and there were some kids in it too so he and Johnny went in and rescued them. Unluckily Johnny suffered a broken back and was burned pretty severely. Shut up! We are going to get you out! the kids looked surprised and quit hollering.  Whilst they were in the hospital the Socs and the Greasers have been planning to do a Skin rumble (which is a fight but you cant use any weapons) this was the third crucial incident. Ponyboy got out and decided to go to the Rumble and at the last moment Dallas showed up and shouted  HOLD UP HOLD IT and he ran to join the Greasers.  Ponyboy couldnt find a right size for him so he just attacked the bigger ones and Dally helped him. Then the Socs started to get in their cars to run away. It was the Greasers victory. .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 , .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .postImageUrl , .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 , .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:hover , .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:visited , .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:active { border:0!important; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:active , .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90 .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaec943bdf137cd8d217b91016b096e90:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: TOK - Chatterbot EssayAfter the Rumble Dally and Ponyboy went to the hospital to tell Johnny the good news  We beat the Socs, We stomped them, chased them outa our territory  Then Johnnys pillow seemed to sink a little and Johnny died his last words were Stay gold, Ponyboy stay gold  Suddenly Dally slammed back against the wall, and tears went down on his cheek as he ran out. When Ponyboy went to his house he told Darry and Sodapop that Johnny is dead. Then the phone rang from Dally and he was saying he just robbed a grocery store and police are after him and he will be in the lot in a minute. When they reached the vacant lot Dally came in, running fast as he could, from the opposite direction, and when the police came out from their car Dally chose to die by pointing an unloaded gun at the cops who shot him dead. Two friends of mine died that night. one a friend, one a hoodlum  To conclude I think this story really shows us how important family/gangs love is.  In my opinion I think we should learn it from this book about how Pony boy survived from that dangerous time from their family. There was a film made about this, Matt Dillon played Dallas and Tom cruise who was in mission impossible played Steve Randle, Ralph Macchio played Johnny, C Thomas Howell played Ponyboy, Emilio Esbevez played Two bit Mathew, Diane lane played Cherry and Patric Swayze played Darry

Research Paper Topics in India For Budget Students and Scholars

Research Paper Topics in India For Budget Students and ScholarsEconomics research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars require careful planning. This is to ensure the students in India are offered a quality education while at the same time being well taken care of. In order to ensure a student gets what they pay for, it is necessary to put together a feasible research plan. This can be done through the use of past paper topics and a number of other resources.The number one rule when researching economic research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars is to determine where the students are headed. This will require an understanding of the syllabus for the course, the educational goals of the student, and their spending habits. It will also help to look at the curriculum specifics for each university and college in India to determine if this particular course is offered. There are a number of factors that should be considered to arrive at the best choi ces for a budget study abroad program.The type of English language ability and writing skills of the student should be taken into consideration in order to determine the best course of economics research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars. Students should be able to use basic writing skills and read fluently. An intensive English course should be part of the syllabus for the course or one that is able to be taken at a later time when the student is ready to pursue higher studies.An adequate understanding of the local language proficiency should also be taken into consideration. This will ensure a student has an easier time communicating with the professors, fellow students, and those on the faculty in the country they are studying in. A thorough understanding of the local language proficiency will allow the student to do research and other tasks easier as the English language will become second nature.Where the student will be located will also need to be determi ned by the semester blockor block of time they will be attending school in the regional region. Travel arrangements and hotel accommodations should be considered during this decision making process. Also, learning about any financial support for student travel such as book and lodging grants and scholarships should be considered as part of the research process.Being committed to the course and the country in which they are studying will also be an important factor in Economics research paper topics in India for budget students and scholars. Each semester block should be planned out as far ahead as possible in order to avoid disappointment in terms of schedules. Finding time for a pre-course meal or work assignment should also be considered.Prior to arriving in the country, a student should have an idea of what to expect from the curriculum in their region. It should be apparent to them what the expected standard of living in the country is as well as whether the environment is the t ype of place that is conducive to the study of economics. Their expectations of the country will help them figure out if there is a need to take on some sort of professional liability insurance for the duration of their stay in the country.Last but not least, the purpose of their visit to India should be clear. It should be part of a student's education to understand the culture, history, and future policies of the country they are studying in. As the student progresses to higher academic levels, they should be able to focus more on the quality of life in the country and how it relates to their career goals.

Concept of Product Life Cycle Essay Example

Concept of Product Life Cycle Paper The concept of the product life cycle (PLC) is one of major tools used in developing marketing strategy. This theory is more and more popular in recent years, because many marketers desire for a tool to help them understand the products development which means all products have their own life time as they eventually decline and disappear. Based on that understanding of the product, the marketers can adapt their marketing strategy and find a new product to replace the dying one. According to Brassington and Pettitt (2003), the PLC concept explains the life of a product in terms of birth, growth, maturity, decline and eventual death which is based on the assumption that the product has a life like a human. During its life, the product goes through different stages, and in each stage it has different performance in the market which includes different market growth rates and different competitive conditions. This implies the marketer must set up different marketing strategy for each stag e to suit for the development of product. The aim of this essay is to discuss the concept of product life cycle which can give the marketer some basic information about this popular concept. Firstly, the general background of the product life cycle is given which includes the concept and the stages of PLC. Secondly, the strengths and weaknesses of the product life cycle are discussed. At the same time, some recommendations to mitigate the negative influences of the product life cycle are presented. Finally, a general conclusion is draw. Concept of Product Life Cycle The concept of PLC is a useful marketing tool to describe the change of the sale for the product during its lifetime. According to Armstrong and Kotler (2000), product life cycle (PLC) is the course of a products sales and profits over its lifetime. The product life cycle is a useful concept to describe how products develop from first introduction into the market to eventual obsolescence. The theory is that products, like living things, have a natural life cycle beginning with introduction, going through a growth phase, reaching maturity, then going into decline, and finally becoming obsolete (Blythe, J. 2001). The classic PLC involves four distinct stages: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline (Jobber, D. 1998). But Blythe (2001) thought there are five major stages of PLC, which are product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. In this essay, the product development is introduced firstly which is seen as the first and necessary stage in product development process. The reason is explained in the following section. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Product Life Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Product Life Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Product Life Cycle specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the product development stage, it begins when the company recognises the customer need for a special product. Then the company design and develop the new-product idea based on that demand. During the stage of product development, sales are zero and the companys investment costs mount (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). Although it seems useless to analyse the sale and cost in this stage, it is still a very important part of a product life cycle. Its length will affect the whole cycle in some way. Then, the product enter into introduction stage which the company push the product into markets. In this stage, only the marketers understand the characteristics of this stage, they can make the right decision about the product strategy which is suitable for the new product. Because the recognition of customer for the new product needs a period, this introduction stage is a period of slow sales growth as the product is just introduced in the market. Profits are negative because of the low sales and the huge expense in advertising and promotion. Advertising and promotion are the key activities for business to attract the customer to try the new product. That huge investment is reasonable and necessary. And also the company needs to consider the investment to attract the distributors and build the inventory. At the same time, it is few competitors at this stage. If the new product satisfies the market, it will enter a growth stage, which is a period of rapid market acceptance and increasing profits (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). At the beginning of this stage, the sale and profit grow quickly. More and more customers accept the product and buy it, the investment of promotion and advertising is lower than the introduction stage. And market share is increased accordingly and quickly. At the same time, more and more companies recognise the product has big profit. Therefore, more and more competitors enter into this market. After the development of the market, profits may become to decline in the end period of growth stage as more competitors enter the market, driving prices down and creating the need for heavy promotional expenses (Jobber, D. 1998). In this stage, company has to choose between the high market share and high profit when they make the strategy decision. Fourthly, when the sale growth is slowdown, the product enters to the maturity stage of its PLC because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Dibb and Simkin (1997) thought that this stage is characterized by severe competition, with many brands in the market. Competitors use many different strategies to gain the market share such as product improvements, advertising, sales promotion, dealer discount and price cutting. Finally, decline stage is the period when sales show fall off and profits erode (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). According to Jobber (1998), sales and profits fall during this stage as new technology or changes in consumer tastes work to reduce demand for the product. In this stage, the market lost interest in this product and the companies are unable to up-grade and support it. Therefore, marketers may cut promotion efforts, eliminate distributors, and finally plan to walk out from this market. However, not all products follow the classic product life cycle which explained above. There are variations of the product life cycle. Some of the products may have more than five stages and more fluctuant curves. For example, the high-tech products which are more than one S-Shape curve. This type of product can be up-grated and development many times which lead the sales and profit up and down. When the customer accepts the product, the profits fall. When the product has been developed and improved, the profits rise. With the continuous process of products development and customers acceptance, the profits keep rising and falling such as computers, mobile phones. Although different products have different product life cycle and different products move through their life cycle at different speed, the theory of PLC still seem as a very useful method to help marketers identify the sales trends and plan appropriate marketing strategy and activities. Strengths and Weakness of PLC The product life cycle is a common and popular marketing concept that it appears at every standard marketing text. The strengths of the PLC are very obvious. Firstly, based on the theory of Jobber (1998) the PLC is benefit for the product planning. It can help marketers to develop product marketing strategy and it is also used as a forecasting model. PLC can forecast the future development of market and product which is big competitive advantage when the companies plan their marketing strategy for the product in every stage. However when the companies use the PLC concept to forecast product sale or to develop marketing strategies, they find many problems in practices (Korler, P. Armstrong, G. Saunders, J. and Wong, V. 1996). It is not easy to identify which stage of the PLC the product is in, especially the definitions of each stage is not very standard which could lead the confusion between stages. This is the precondition that the PLC concept can perform correctly. When the product enter to the next stage of PLC, if the company can not notices, the marketing strategy and plan will not appropriate for the new stage of the produce. Only when they recognise the change in PLC, they can make the right strategy based on the analysis for the crucial factors in the new stage. And in practice, it is difficult to forecast the sales level at each PLC stage, the length of each stage and the shape of the PLC curve (Jobber, D. 1998). The basic reason is this PLC concept can not help the marketer to understand the product and market in detail. It is theoretic and unclear. Secondly, the strength of PLC as a coordinating tool is to help marketers to coordinate 4Ps which include product, price, promotions and place. Thirdly, the PLC also can remand the marketers to pay more attention to the development of the product and its market. It warns the marketers that the product would not grow continually forever (Jobber, D. 1998). Normally, there is a danger that management may have high emotion in a particular product. The PLC can help the company understand that the product has its own lift cycle which means the company have to face the face that products need to be terminated and new products need to be developed to replace them. It also tells them that at the introduction stage, the phenomenon that the sale is low and expense is high are reasonable which is unnecessary to panic or give up. It is good for companies to recognise the realistic market, not through the book records only. Nevertheless, there are some weaknesses about the PLC. Although in the above, some of the problems are discussed. The following section explains very detailed concepts. Firstly, according to Jobber (1998), the duration of the PLC stages is unpredictable which is very difficult for marketer to identify the stages of product. The PLC outlines the four or five stages during a product life without defining their duration. Blythe (2001) states that the PLC is useful to describe what is happening, but is not much use for predicting what is going to happen, since it is virtually impossible to tell how long the maturity phase will continue. This weakness makes it difficult to use this concept as a decision-making tool because marketers can not easily know which part of the product life cycle the product currently in. The solution of this problem is to find a comparable product which seems as a template for predicting the length of each stage. There are two sources of comparable products. One is same product has already been on the market which is in other countries. The other one is that the similar products are in the mature or decline stages of their life cycle but they are thought to resemble the new product in terms of consumer acceptance . Of course, when the marketer use the comparable product to analyse their own product, it still many problems in reality, such as the different the economic and social conditions of countries which may effect the result of the analysis and make it invalid to transfer the duration of the stages from one country to another. Secondly, Jobber (1998) notes that the critics argue that the stylized marketing objectives and strategy prescriptions can be misleading. It is very difficult to predict how long the product will move from one stage to another stage in its life cycle. Because the products, companies and market are different, the length of the PLC is diverse. The problem is that the length of the PLC is affected by many factors which include the pace of change in the external environment and the companys marketing strategy of the product throughout its life (Brassington, F. and Pettitt, S. 2003). The companys objective and capability to make the correct marketing strategy in each stage of PLC for the product and to communicate effectively and efficiently with the consumers, and its method to develop and refresh its product will all affect how the PLC in some way. Thirdly, the weakness of PLC is that there is no common shape (Doyle, P. 1994). Through the analysis the data from different products, it is very clear that the PLC has not standard curve at all. In the real unstable markets, not all products follow the classic S-shaped PLC (Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. 1993). Sometimes, although two brand products seem as same, they are in different types of PLC. Many factors determine the types of PLC for the product, which include the external environment changes and the strategy change of the company or the competitors. It is easy for marketers to analyse which curve their product belong to which lead confusion when companies use this theory to analyse their product. Fourthly, according to Doyle (1994), PLC has not clear implication which is a weakness every marketer knows. Although PLC concept defines the stages of the product life cycle for the common products and list all of the characteristics for each stage. But for some cases, the tradition has been proved as inaccurate. Some of the products have different characteristics compare with the tradition concept which will mislead the marketers conclusion about the products development. Finally, there is another weakness of the PLC has been revealed that PLC is a product-orientated concept. More and more marketers recognise the marketing is about how to satisfy the customers need. The company should pay more attention to analyse the change of the customers need, rather than focus on its products development. In other words, focusing on the product like the concept of PLC the company might not understand other key concepts of marketing such as the 7P. Product is just one of the important things of marketing, but not the core one. For the modern age, customer is the core thing that the company should focus on. Therefore, for the marketers, they need focus on the factors cause the change of the product stage not the PLC. Because of so many uncertain factors in the concept of PLC, some experts debate that PLC is a useless tool in reality. As Cowell (1984) state that it is not surprising that the life cycle concept has critics. Some attempts to derive the conventional S-shaped curve of the cycle with its stages of introduction, growth, maturity and decline have not been altogether convincing. In fact, some theoreticians have even suggested that the concept of PLC should be forgotten altogether (Dhalla and Yuspeh, 1976). Carman and Langeard (1979) argue that using the life cycle concept to build a product portfolio in services contexts is not very helpful. All those debates suggest that the concept of PLC is still immature and it still need to improve. Conclusion In conclusion, the product life cycle is a marketing tool, which is an aid for managerial decision-making. It can help marketers to do planning and think strategically. However, it also has many weaknesses which affect the practicability of the concept. Therefore, marketing managers must monitor the real changes that are happening in the marketplace before setting up the appropriate objectives and strategies for marketing. Using the PLC concept to develop marketing strategy can also be difficult because strategy is both a cause and a result of the products life cycle (Armstrong, G. and Korler, P. 2000). The products current PLC position suggests the best marketing strategies and the resulting marketing strategies affect product performance in later life-cycle stages. Of course, when it is used carefully by the marketers who understand it clearly, the PLC concept still a very useful theory in developing good marketing strategies for different stages in the product life cycle anyway.